{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:33:36Z","timestamp":1775032416679,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background.\u2002The challenge of obtaining medical imaging in individuals with higher body mass index (BMI) is described, but there is minimal data regarding the relationship between BMI and fluoroscopy time during cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection (CIESI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective.\u2002To determine the relationship between BMI and fluoroscopy time during CIESI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods.\u2002Retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent fluoroscopically guided CIESI between January 2014 and February 2015 at an academic pain medicine center. Fluoroscopy time data were collected. Comparisons based on analysis of variance were made between patients with normal (&amp;lt;25.0\u2009kg\/m2), overweight (25.0\u201329.9\u2009kg\/m2), and obese (\u226530.0\u2009kg\/m2) BMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results.\u2002Of 399 procedure encounters, 366 had documented BMI and fluoroscopy time data and were included for analysis. Mean age (\u00b1 SD) in this cohort was 53\u2009\u00b1\u200913 years, including 189 females (52%) and 205 first-time injections. Mean fluoroscopy time for all injections was 18\u2009\u00b1\u200910\u2009seconds. Separated by categorical BMI class, the mean fluoroscopy time was 18\u2009\u00b1\u20099\u2009seconds for normal weight patients, 17\u2009\u00b1\u200910\u2009seconds for overweight patients, and 20\u2009\u00b1\u200911\u2009seconds for obese patients, respectively. Post hoc analysis showed that fluoroscopy time was significantly longer only in obese compared with overweight patients (P\u2009=\u20090.02). Trainee involvement and first-time vs repeat injection did not significantly alter fluoroscopy time (P\u2009=\u20090.17 and P\u2009=\u20090.12, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions.\u2002The findings of this study indicate that BMI does not appear to have a clinically significant impact on fluoroscopy time during cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection procedures. Future study is needed to directly quantify radiation exposure in patients and practitioners, as well as the associated health risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,3]],"date-time":"2016-10-03T15:05:37Z","timestamp":1475507137000},"page":"1326-1333","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Is There a Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Fluoroscopy Time During Cervical Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injections?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zachary L.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Mattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021Department of Anesthesia, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a7Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Marcolina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00b6Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Press","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2016Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"DJ","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Smuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Walega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021Department of Anesthesia, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cushman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2016|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102704565921200_pnw264-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-198906000-00003","article-title":"Long-term results of cervical epidural steroid injections","volume":"5","author":"Cicala","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2025102704565921200_pnw264-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200101000-00003","article-title":"An observational study of the frequency and pattern of use of epidural steroid injection in 25,479 patients with spinal and radicular pain","volume":"26","author":"Fanciullo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2025102704565921200_pnw264-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198609000-00005","article-title":"Epidural analgesic techniques in the management of cervical pain","volume":"65","author":"Rowlingson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2025102704565921200_pnw264-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90104-7","article-title":"Therapeutic selective nerve root block in the nonsurgical treatment of atraumatic cervical spondylotic radicular pain: A retrospective analysis with independent clinical review","volume":"81","author":"Slipman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2025102704565921200_pnw264-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-015-0087-0","article-title":"Are all epidurals created equally? 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