{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T04:45:53Z","timestamp":1776141953714,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"California Arts Council"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]],"date-time":"2018-06-29T03:10:44Z","timestamp":1530241844000},"page":"681-691","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Art of Analgesia: A Pilot Study of Art Museum Tours to Decrease Pain and Social Disconnection Among Individuals with Chronic Pain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ian J","family":"Koebner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott M","family":"Fishman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Paterniti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Sonoma State University, Sonoma, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Romance Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia M","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charit\u00e9 - University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Integrative Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill G","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B1","volume-title":"Task Force on Taxonomy of the International Association for the Study of Pain: Classification of Chronic Pain. Description of Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms","author":"Merskey","year":"1994"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B2"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.4.581","article-title":"The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: Scientific advances and future directions","volume":"133","author":"Gatchel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.03.009","article-title":"The contribution of psychosocial factors to the development of chronic pain: The key to better outcomes for patients?","volume":"129","author":"Blyth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023876","article-title":"A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication","volume":"137","author":"Hadjistavropoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000613","article-title":"Updating the definition of pain","volume":"157","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000185","article-title":"Social communication model of pain","volume":"156","author":"Craig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.45.3.338","article-title":"The relationship between social connectedness and anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02444.x","article-title":"A picture's worth partner photographs reduce experimentally induced pain","volume":"20","author":"Master","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13309.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013309","article-title":"Viewing pictures of a romantic partner reduces experimental pain: Involvement of neural reward systems","volume":"5","author":"Younger","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"28","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11721","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108239108","article-title":"Attachment figures activate a safety signal-related neural region and reduce pain experience","volume":"108","author":"Eisenberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.11.001","article-title":"Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Apkarian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(00)00227-6","article-title":"Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Peyron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"issue":"5472","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1769","article-title":"Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain","volume":"288","author":"Price","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00313-6","article-title":"Brain mechanisms of pain affect and pain modulation","volume":"12","author":"Rainville","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000108644.42992.95","article-title":"Cingulotomy for psychiatric disease: Microelectrode guidance, a callosal reference system for documenting lesion location, and clinical results","volume":"54","author":"Richter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913912468523","article-title":"Museums and art galleries as partners for public health interventions","volume":"133","author":"Camic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspect Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.02.001","article-title":"Internalized stigma in people living with chronic pain","volume":"15","author":"Waugh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01264.x","article-title":"Stigmatization of patients with chronic pain: The extinction of empathy","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B20","volume-title":"Arts Development in Community Health: A Social Tonic","author":"White","year":"2009"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203120057","volume-title":"Museums, Equality and Social Justice","author":"Sandell","year":"2013"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203862964","volume-title":"The Social Work of Museums","author":"Silverman","year":"2009"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822377122","volume-title":"The Work of Art in the World: Civic Agency and Public Humanities","author":"Sommer","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2008.07.002","article-title":"Aesthetic value of paintings affects pain thresholds","volume":"17","author":"de Tommaso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126.","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3182464dd1","article-title":"The neural bases of social pain: Evidence for shared representations with physical pain","volume":"74","author":"Eisenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cura.12271","article-title":"Curating Care: The Design and Feasibility of a Partnership Between an Art Museum and an Academic Pain Center","volume":"61","author":"Koebner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curator: The Museum Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2307\/3193737","article-title":"Can philosophical change take hold in the American art museum?","volume":"51","author":"Mayer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Art Educ"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2017.08.005","article-title":"Museum-based programs for socially isolated older adults: Understanding what works","volume":"48","author":"Todd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5042\/jpmh.2010.0700","article-title":"Cultural attendance and public mental health-from research to practice","volume":"9","author":"O'Neill","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Public Mental Health"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B30","volume-title":"Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches","author":"Creswell","year":"2013"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B31","volume-title":"Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference","author":"Shadish","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00349-9","article-title":"Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale","volume":"94","author":"Farrar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000140.","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2015-000140","article-title":"Psychometric properties of three single-item pain scales in patients with rheumatoid arthritis seen during routine clinical care: A comparative perspective on construct validity, reproducibility and internal responsiveness","volume":"1","author":"Sendlbeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.12.009","article-title":"Inflammation and social experience: An inflammatory challenge induces feelings of social disconnection in addition to depressed mood","volume":"24","author":"Eisenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429246593","volume-title":"An Introduction to the Bootstrap","author":"Efron","year":"1994"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B36","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Revised ed","author":"Cohen","year":"1977"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B37","volume-title":"Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers","author":"Ritchie","year":"2003"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/e566732013-001","volume-title":"Best Practices for Mixed Methods Research in the Health Sciences","author":"Creswell","year":"2011"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B39","volume-title":"Analyzing Social Settings","author":"Lofland","year":"2006"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B40","volume-title":"Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development","author":"Boyatzis","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.17763\/haer.62.3.8323320856251826","article-title":"Understanding and validity in qualitative research","volume":"62","author":"Maxwell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Harvard Educ Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B42"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2003.12.005","article-title":"Alone or with a friend: A social context for psychological restoration and environmental preferences","volume":"24","author":"Staats","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B44","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Western Psychology","author":"Craig","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.12.002","article-title":"Bio-psychosocial determinants of persistent pain 6 months after non-life-threatening acute orthopaedic trauma","volume":"11","author":"Clay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B46","author":"Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education, Institute of Medicine. Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. Washington DC: The National Academies Collection; 2011"},{"issue":"21","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1011512","article-title":"A flood of opioids, a rising tide of deaths","volume":"363","author":"Okie","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971.","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12107","article-title":"Core competencies for pain management: Results of an interprofessional consensus summit","volume":"14","author":"Fishman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00540.x","article-title":"Stigma experienced by people with nonspecific chronic low back pain: A qualitative study","volume":"10","author":"Slade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B50","author":"Marmot"},{"issue":"9464","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)74234-3","article-title":"Social determinants of health inequalities","volume":"365","author":"Marmot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198111428646","article-title":"Healthy people: a 2020 vision for the social determinants approach","volume":"38","author":"Koh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B53","author":"Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2008"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315596549","volume-title":"Museums, Health and Well-Being","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/09647775.2011.603927","article-title":"The art museum ecosystem: A new alternative model","volume":"26","author":"Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mus Manag Curatorship"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/09647770802234078","article-title":"Cultural inclusion, exclusion and the formative roles of museums","volume":"23","author":"Coffee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mus Manag Curatorship"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/09647779800401704","article-title":"Museums as agents of social inclusion","volume":"17","author":"Sandell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mus Manag Curatorship"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B58","author":"National Endowment of Art","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019040110502191000_pny148-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/07421656.2010.10129660","article-title":"Outcome studies on the efficacy of art therapy: A review of findings","volume":"27","author":"Slayton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Art Ther"}],"container-title":["Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/20\/4\/681\/28256213\/pny148.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T17:23:20Z","timestamp":1604510600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article\/20\/4\/681\/5058952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pny148","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-2375","1526-4637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-2375","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4637","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]}}}