{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:59:06Z","timestamp":1768006746609,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined factors associated with prescription opioid analgesic use in the US population using data from a nationally representative sample. It focused on factors previously shown to be associated with opioid\u00a0use disorder or overdose. Variations in the use of different strength opioid analgesics by demographic subgroup were also examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data came from respondents aged 16\u2009years and older who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011\u20132014). Respondents were classified as opioid users if they reported using one or more prescription opioid analgesics in the past 30\u2009days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opioid users reported poorer self-perceived health than those not currently using opioids. Compared with those not using opioids, opioid users were more likely to rate their health as being \u201cfair\u201d or \u201cpoor\u201d (40.4% [95% confidence interval {CI} = 34.9%\u201346.2%] compared with 15.6% [95% CI = 14.3%\u201317.1%]), experienced more days of pain during the past 30\u2009days (mean = 14.3 [95% CI = 12.9\u201315.8] days compared with 2.3 [95% CI = 2.0\u20132.7] days), and had depression (22.5% [95% CI = 17.3%\u201328.7%] compared with 7.1% [95% CI = 6.2%\u20138.0%]). Among those who reported using opioids during the past 30\u2009days, 18.8% (95% CI = 14.4%\u201324.1%) reported using benzodiazepine medication during the same period and 5.2% (95% CI = 3.5%\u20137.7%) reported using an illicit drug during the past six months. When opioid strength was examined, a smaller percentage of adults aged 60\u2009years and older used stronger-than-morphine opioids compared with adults aged 20\u201339 and 40\u201359\u2009years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher percentages of current opioid users than nonusers reported having many of the factors associated with opioid use disorder and overdose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]],"date-time":"2018-07-14T11:47:31Z","timestamp":1531568851000},"page":"1338-1346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Factors Associated with Prescription Opioid Analgesic Use in the US Population, 2011\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Steven M","family":"Frenk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan L","family":"Lukacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuping","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2019070801554241000_pny158-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E119","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2014\/17\/E119","article-title":"Assessment of the trends in medical use and misuse of opioid analgesics from 2004 to 2011","volume":"17","author":"Atluri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2019070801554241000_pny158-B2","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Vital signs: Overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers\u2014United States, 1999-2008","volume":"60","author":"CDC","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019070801554241000_pny158-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4278","article-title":"National trends in long-term use of prescription opioids","volume":"27","author":"Mojtabai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2019070801554241000_pny158-B4","volume-title":"Prescription Opioid Analgesic Use Among Adults: United States, 1999-2012. 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