{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T23:48:33Z","timestamp":1791676113956,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Health Services Research and Development Service"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMSP) disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. It would be advantageous to have common outcome measures when comparing results across different CMSP research studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Veterans Health Administration appointed a work group to recommend core outcome measures for assessing pain intensity and interference as well as important secondary domains in clinical research. The work group used three streams of data to inform their recommendations: 1) literature synthesis augmented by three recently completed trials; 2) review and comparison of measures recommended by other expert groups; 3) two Delphi surveys of work group members.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The single-item numerical rating scale and seven-item Brief Pain Inventory interference scale emerged as the recommended measures for assessing pain intensity and interference, respectively. The secondary domains ranked most important included physical functioning and depression, followed by sleep, anxiety, and patient-reported global impression of change (PGIC). For these domains, the work group recommended the Patient-Reported Outcome Information System four-item physical function and sleep scales, the Patient Health Questionnaire two-item depression scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder two-item anxiety scale, and the single-item PGIC. Finally, a single-item National Health Interview Survey item was favored for defining chronic pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two scales comprising eight items are recommended as core outcome measures for pain intensity and interference in all studies of chronic musculoskeletal pain, and brief scales comprising 13 additional items can be added when possible to assess important secondary domains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T22:01:59Z","timestamp":1542319319000},"page":"1500-1508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Core Outcome Measures for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Research: Recommendations from a Veterans Health Administration Work Group"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Kurt","family":"Kroenke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University and Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin E","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VAMC, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Turk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Von Korff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Bair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University and Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelli D","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina and Durham VAMC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedhelm","family":"Sandbrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University and Washington DC VAMC, Washington, District of Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L","family":"Cheville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"DeBar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl A","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University and Palo Alto VAMC, Palo Alto, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D","family":"Kerns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University and West Haven VAMC, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019080802245108300_pny279-B1","volume-title":"Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2011"},{"issue":"110","key":"2019080802245108300_pny279-B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1989 summary. 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