{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:32:12Z","timestamp":1787585532577,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]],"date-time":"2019-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Growth hormone (GH) and GH-related signaling molecules play an important role in nociception and development of chronic pain. This review aims to examine the potential molecular mechanisms through which GH-related signaling modulates sensory hypersensitivity in rodents, the clinical pharmacology of GH, and the clinical evidence of GH treatment for several common pain syndromes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A search was conducted using the PUBMED\/MEDLINE database, Scopus, and the Cochrane library for all reports published in English on GH in pain management from inception through May 2018. A critical review was performed on the mechanisms of GH-related signaling and the pharmacology of GH. The levels of clinical evidence and implications for recommendations of all of the included studies were graded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search yielded 379 articles, of which 201 articles were deemed irrelevant by reading the titles. There were 53 reports deemed relevant after reading abstracts. All of these 53 articles were retrieved for the analysis and discussion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dysfunction of the GH\/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)\/ghrelin axis was linked to hyperalgesia and several common clinical pain syndromes. Low levels of GH and IGF-1 were linked to pain hypersensitivity, whereas ghrelin appeared to provide analgesic effects. Pretreatment of GH reversed mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in an animal model of inflammatory pain. Clinical trials support GH treatment in a subgroup of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (level of evidence: 1B+) or chronic lower back pain syndrome (level of evidence: 2C+).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T23:33:11Z","timestamp":1542843191000},"page":"21-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Systematic Review of Growth Hormone in Pain Medicine: From Rodents to Humans"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jijun","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Management, Anesthesiology Institute"},{"name":"Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Casserly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Management, Anesthesiology Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Management, Anesthesiology Institute"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020011009063280400_pny280-B1","volume-title":"The National Academies Collection: Reports Funded by National Institutes of Health. 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