{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T10:55:57Z","timestamp":1756896957132},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"KemPharm, Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hydromorphone (HM) is a potent \u03bc-opioid receptor agonist with high susceptibility for abuse. A prodrug of hydromorphone, asalhydromorphone (ASAL-HM), has been designed to deter nonoral forms of abuse associated with hydromorphone. This study evaluated the intranasal (IN) pharmacokinetics and exploratory abuse potential of ASAL-HM compared with HM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Single-center, randomized, double-blind, crossover study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clinical research site.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Healthy adult, nondependent recreational opioid users.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Subjects (N\u2009=\u200926) were randomized to receive IN administration of 16.1\u2009mg of ASAL-HM and 8.0\u2009mg of HM (molar-equivalent with respect to hydromorphone). Blood samples were taken through 24\u2009hours postdose, and pharmacodynamic end points (Drug Liking, Feeling High, Take Drug Again, Overall Drug Liking) were assessed through eight hours postdose. Nasal irritation and safety were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Relative to IN HM, the rate (Cmax) and extent (area under the curve [AUC0-last, AUC0-inf]) of exposure to hydromorphone following IN ASAL-HM were reduced by \u226550%. Consistent with these findings, scores on \u201cat-the-moment\u201d (i.e., Drug Liking Emax, High Emax) and retrospective (i.e., Take Drug Again, Overall Drug Liking) end points were statistically significantly lower for IN ASAL-HM, with mean\/median differences ranging from 11.4 to 25.0 points. ASAL-HM produced greater nasal-related effects, such as nasal burning and facial pain, and a lower incidence of typical opioid-related adverse events such as euphoria, pruritus, and somnolence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The novel hydromorphone prodrug ASAL-HM produced marked reductions in hydromorphone exposure and abuse-related effects following IN administration compared with HM. ASAL-HM has desirable molecular features for incorporation into putative abuse-deterrent immediate-release and extended-release hydromorphone products.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T20:13:33Z","timestamp":1552421613000},"page":"511-520","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and Abuse Potential of Asalhydromorphone, a Novel Prodrug of Hydromorphone, After Intranasal Administration in Recreational Drug Users"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sven","family":"Guenther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KemPharm, Inc., Celebration, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Travis C","family":"Mickle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KemPharm, Inc., Celebration, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew C","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KemPharm, Inc., Celebration, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KemPharm, Inc., Celebration, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rene","family":"Braeckman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KemPharm, Inc., Celebration, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Kelsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vince & Associates, Overland Park, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Vince","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vince & Associates, Overland Park, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2020030702232397700_pnz066-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s005200000183","article-title":"Hydromorphone: Pharmacology and clinical applications in cancer patients","volume":"9","author":"Sarhill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020030702232397700_pnz066-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(01)00294-9","article-title":"Equianalgesic dose ratios for opioids. 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