{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T13:08:54Z","timestamp":1777122534008,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Much of the pain care in the United States is costly and associated with limited benefits and significant harms, representing a crisis of value. We explore the current factors that lead to low-value pain care within the United States and provide an alternate model for pain care, as well as an implementation example for this model that is expected to produce high-value pain care.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From the perspective of aiming for high-value care (defined as care that maximizes clinical benefit while minimizing harm and cost), we describe the current evidence practice gap (EPG) for pain care in the United States, which has developed as current clinical care diverges from existing evidence. A discussion of the biomedical, biopsychosocial, and sociopsychobiological (SPB) models of pain care is used to elucidate the origins of the current EPG and the unconscious factors that perpetuate pain care systems despite poor results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An interprofessional pain team within the Veterans Health Administration is described as an example of a pain care system that has been designed to deliver high-value pain care and close the EPG by implementing the SPB model.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adopting and implementing a sociopsychobiological model may be an effective approach to address the current evidence practice gap and deliver high-value pain care in the United States. The Phoenix VA Health Care System\u2019s Chronic Pain Wellness Center may serve as a template for providing high-value, evidence-based pain care for patients with high-impact chronic pain who also have medical, mental health, and opioid use disorder comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T20:11:17Z","timestamp":1573675877000},"page":"1168-1180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Flipping the Pain Care Model: A Sociopsychobiological Approach to High-Value Chronic Pain Care"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Aram S","family":"Mardian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona"},{"name":"University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric R","family":"Hanson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona"},{"name":"University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Villarroel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita D","family":"Karnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona"},{"name":"University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John G","family":"Sollenberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona"},{"name":"University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather A","family":"Okvat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amrita","family":"Dhanjal-Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona"},{"name":"University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shakaib","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona"},{"name":"University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2013Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020061021345701600_pnz336-B1","author":"Conway","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020061021345701600_pnz336-B2","volume-title":"Relieving 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