{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:56:16Z","timestamp":1790189776089,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The glossopharyngeal nerve lies posterior to the internal carotid artery at the submandibular region. The primary objective of this study was to compare ultrasound-guided glossopharyngeal nerve block (UGPNB) and landmark glossopharyngeal nerve block (GPNB).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials &amp; Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inclusion criteria were patients with unilateral Eagle syndrome and ear pain. Group UGPNB (N\u2009=\u200925) received three UGPNBs at weekly intervals with 1.5\u2009mL of 0.5% ropivacaine and 20\u2009mg of methylprednisolone. Group GPNB (N\u2009=\u200926) received landmark GPNB. Pain intensity was evaluated with the numerical rating scale (NRS) before every block, 30\u2009minutes after every block, and at one, three, and five weeks after the third block. Quality of life, assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), and satisfaction scores were noted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NRS scores before the second and third blocks and a week after were significantly lower in group UGPNB and comparable at weeks 3 and 5. NRS scores 30 minutes after every block were significantly decreased from the preblock values but were comparable between groups. In 68% of patients, a curvilinear probe delineated the internal carotid artery (ICA). Out-of-plane needle trajectory was required in 64% of patients. BPI and satisfaction scores were significantly better in the UGPNB group in the \u201cblock\u201d weeks.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>UGPNB with 1.5\u2009mL of 0.5% ropivacaine and 20\u2009mg of methylprednisolone injected posterior to the ICA in the submandibular region provides better pain relief for at least a week compared with an extraoral landmark technique when three weekly consecutive blocks are given. In most patients, a curvilinear probe and out-of-plane needle trajectory are most suitable for ultrasound block.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T12:11:02Z","timestamp":1576671062000},"page":"1208-1215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Landmark and Ultrasound-Guided Glossopharyngeal Nerve in Eagle Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Shanmuga","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyotsna","family":"Punj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2020061021345098900_pnz370-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.107662","article-title":"An uncommonly common: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061021345098900_pnz370-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.50826","article-title":"Eagle syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Raina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020061021345098900_pnz370-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/754693","article-title":"Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain: Revised consensus statement from the Canadian Pain 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syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Maher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2020061021345098900_pnz370-B7","first-page":"85","article-title":"Upper airway blocks for awake difficult airway management","volume":"55(Suppl 1","author":"Pintaric","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020061021345098900_pnz370-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000638","article-title":"Did ultrasound fulfill the promise of safety in regional anesthesia?","volume":"31","author":"Barrington","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020061021345098900_pnz370-B9","first-page":"304","article-title":"Glossopharyngeal nerve block using ultrasound guidance: A case report of a new technique","volume":"14","author":"Bedder","year":"1989","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061021345098900_pnz370-B10","first-page":"129","article-title":"Pain assessment: Global use of the Brief Pain Inventory","volume":"23","author":"Cleeland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020061021345098900_pnz370-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000561","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided glossopharyngeal nerve block: A cadaver and a volunteer sonoanatomy study","volume":"42","author":"A\u017eman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020061021345098900_pnz370-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx088","article-title":"Fluoroscopic C-arm and CT-guided selective radiofrequency ablation for trigeminal and glossopharyngeal facial pain syndromes","volume":"19","author":"Telischak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2020061021345098900_pnz370-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.01.013","article-title":"CT-guided percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation for glossopharyngeal neuralgia: A retrospective clinical study of 117 cases","volume":"178","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["Pain 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