{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:40:46Z","timestamp":1782258046879,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1156051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1156051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R21AI141843-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R21AI141843-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple-strain (polygenomic) infections are a ubiquitous feature of Plasmodium falciparum parasite population genetics. Under simple assumptions of superinfection, polygenomic infections are hypothesized to be the result of multiple infectious bites. As a result, polygenomic infections have been used as evidence of repeat exposure and used to derive genetic metrics associated with high transmission intensity. However, not all polygenomic infections are the result of multiple infectious bites. Some result from the transmission of multiple, genetically related strains during a single infectious bite (cotransmission). Superinfection and cotransmission represent two distinct transmission processes, and distinguishing between the two could improve inferences regarding parasite transmission intensity. Here, we describe a new metric, RH, that utilizes the correlation in allelic state (heterozygosity) within polygenomic infections to estimate the likelihood that the observed complexity resulted from either superinfection or cotransmission. RH is flexible and can be applied to any type of genetic data. As a proof of concept, we used RH to quantify polygenomic relatedness and estimate cotransmission and superinfection rates from a set of 1,758 malaria infections genotyped with a 24 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) molecular barcode. Contrary to expectation, we found that cotransmission was responsible for a significant fraction of 43% to 53% of the polygenomic infections collected in three distinct epidemiological regions in Senegal. The prediction that polygenomic infections frequently result from cotransmission stresses the need to incorporate estimates of relatedness within polygenomic infections to ensure the accuracy of genomic epidemiology surveillance data for informing public health activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T13:39:34Z","timestamp":1662817174000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["<i>R<\/i>H: a genetic metric for measuring intrahost<i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>relatedness and distinguishing cotransmission from superinfection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Wesley","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Volkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge , MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"College of Natural, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, Simmons University, Boston , MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9712-4581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge , MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6699-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Schaffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge , MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mouhamad","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University , Dakar 10200, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaye Die","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University , Dakar 10200, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida S","family":"Badiane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University , Dakar 10200, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awa B","family":"Deme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University , Dakar 10200, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou Alpha","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University , Dakar 10200, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jules","family":"Gomis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University , Dakar 10200, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngayo","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University , Dakar 10200, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daouda","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Cheikh Anta Diop University , Dakar 10200, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8604-4455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dyann F","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge , MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0302-306X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel L","family":"Hartl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Towards a genomics-informed, real-time, global pathogen surveillance system","volume":"19","author":"Gardy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet. 2017 19:1"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19790","article-title":"The evolution of Ebola virus: insights from the 2013\u20132016 epidemic","volume":"538","author":"Holmes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib3","first-page":"eaba1238","article-title":"Evolving epidemiology of poliovirus serotype 2 following withdrawal of the type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine","volume":"368","author":"Macklin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009609","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009609","article-title":"Linked surveillance and genetic data uncovers programmatically relevant geographic scale of Guinea worm transmission in Chad","volume":"15","author":"Ribado","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30939-7","article-title":"Genomic-informed pathogen surveillance in Africa: opportunities and challenges","volume":"21","author":"Inzaule","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3187","article-title":"Harnessing genomics and genome biology to understand malaria biology","volume":"13","author":"Volkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib7","first-page":"502","article-title":"Advances and opportunities in malaria population genomics","volume":"22","author":"Neafsey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet 2021. 22:8"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a025544","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025544","article-title":"Malaria genomics in the era of eradication","volume":"7","author":"Neafsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2880-1","article-title":"Applying next-generation sequencing to track falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"18","author":"Tessema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7067","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1505691112","article-title":"Modeling malaria genomics reveals transmission decline and rebound in Senegal","volume":"112","author":"Daniels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800099-1.00003-X","article-title":"Measuring changes in Plasmodium falciparum transmission: precision, accuracy, and costs of metrics","volume":"84","author":"Tusting","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0716","article-title":"Higher complexity of infection and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax than Plasmodium falciparum across all malaria transmission zones of Papua New Guinea","volume":"96","author":"Fola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90246-3","article-title":"AnnualPlasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates (EIR) across Africa: literature survey, internet access and review","volume":"94","author":"Hay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-122","article-title":"Using the entomological inoculation rate to assess the impact of vector control on malaria parasite transmission and elimination","volume":"9","author":"Shaukat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90773-8","article-title":"Unstable malaria in Sudan: the influence of the dry season: Clone multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in individuals exposed to variable levels of disease transmission","volume":"92","author":"Arnot","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0716","article-title":"Higher complexity of infection and genetic diversity of plasmodium vivax than plasmodium falciparum across all malaria transmission zones of Papua New Guinea","volume":"96","author":"Fola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v19i3.19","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) and 2 (msp2) genes and multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection across various endemic areas in Senegal","volume":"19","author":"Ndiaye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0164054","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164054","article-title":"Spatial effects on the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections","volume":"11","author":"Karl","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"A deep sequencing approach to estimate Plasmodium falciparum complexity of infection (COI) and explore apical membrane antigen 1 diversity","volume":"16","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mala J. 2017 16:1"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-14-4","article-title":"COIL: a methodology for evaluating malarial complexity of infection using likelihood from single nucleotide polymorphism data","volume":"14","author":"Galinsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005348","article-title":"THE REAL McCOIL: a method for the concurrent estimation of the complexity of infection and SNP allele frequency for malaria parasites","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40845","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40845","article-title":"The origins and relatedness structure of mixed infections vary with local prevalence of P. falciparum malaria","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.12.001","article-title":"Co-transmission of related malaria parasite lineages shapes within-host parasite diversity","volume":"27","author":"SC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0398-0","article-title":"Genetic relatedness analysis reveals the cotransmission of genetically related Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Thi\u00e8s, Senegal","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.08.018","article-title":"Intra-host dynamics of co-infecting parasite genotypes in asymptomatic malaria patients","volume":"65","author":"Nkhoma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib26","first-page":"2589","article-title":"Close kinship within multiple-genotype malaria parasite infections","volume":"279","author":"Nkhoma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc R Soc London Ser B"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005923","article-title":"Modeling the genetic relatedness of Plasmodium falciparum parasites following meiotic recombination and cotransmission","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2349-7","article-title":"hmmIBD: software to infer pairwise identity by descent between haploid genotypes","volume":"17","author":"Schaffner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-223","article-title":"A general SNP-based molecular barcode for Plasmodium falciparum identification and tracking","volume":"7","author":"Daniels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib30","author":"Programme National de lutte Contre le Paludisme","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib31","author":"Programme National de lutte Contre le Paludisme","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib32","author":"Programme National de lutte Contre le Paludisme","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib33","author":"Programme National de lutte Contre le Paludisme","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib34","author":"Programme National de lutte Contre le Paludisme","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib35","author":"Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib58","volume-title":"Theory of probability","author":"Jeffreys","year":"1961","edition":"3"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11174","article-title":"Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum diversity in natural infections by deep sequencing","volume":"487","author":"Manske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32891","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032891","article-title":"Characterization of within-host plasmodium falciparum diversity using next-generation sequence data","volume":"7","author":"Auburn","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz305","article-title":"High genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in the low-transmission setting of the kingdom of Eswatini","volume":"220","author":"Roh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib39","article-title":"High genetic complexity but low relatedness in Plasmodium falciparum infections from western Savannah highlands and coastal equatorial lowlands of Cameroon","author":"Atuh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43510","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43510","article-title":"Using parasite genetic and human mobility data to infer local and cross-border malaria connectivity in Southern Africa","volume":"8","author":"Tessema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.08.013","article-title":"Malaria epidemiology at the clone level","volume":"33","author":"Koepfli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-14-2","article-title":"Long term persistence of clonal malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum lineages in the Colombian Pacific region","volume":"14","author":"Echeverry","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genet"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01791.x","article-title":"The role of imported cases in the epidemiology of urban Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Quibd\u00f3, Colombia","volume":"12","author":"Osorio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib59_896_195122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13578-4","article-title":"High-resolution micro-epidemiology of parasite spatial and temporal dynamics in a high malaria transmission setting in Kenya","volume":"10","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn201","article-title":"The relationship between microsatellite polymorphism and recombination hot spots in the human genome","volume":"25","author":"Brandstr\u00f6m","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35832","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.35832","article-title":"Quantification of anti-parasite and anti-disease immunity to malaria as a function of age and exposure","volume":"7","author":"Rodriguez-Barraquer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-331","article-title":"Case investigation and reactive case detection for malaria elimination in northern Senegal","volume":"12","author":"Littrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03346-x","article-title":"Genetic evidence for imported malaria and local transmission in Richard Toll, Senegal","volume":"19","author":"Daniels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib49","first-page":"1","article-title":"A general SNP-based molecular barcode for Plasmodium falciparum identification and tracking","volume":"7","author":"Daniels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar J 2008 7:1"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-89","article-title":"Pre-amplification methods for tracking low-grade Plasmodium falciparum populations during scaled-up interventions in Southern Zambia","volume":"13","author":"Mharakurwa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16168.1","article-title":"An open dataset of Plasmodium falciparum genome variation in 7,000 worldwide samples","volume":"6","author":"MalariaGEN","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib41","volume-title":"Principles of Population Genetics","author":"Hartl","year":"2007","edition":"4"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv370","article-title":"Dynamics of the human infectious reservoir for malaria determined by mosquito feeding assays and ultrasensitive malaria diagnosis in Burkina Faso","volume":"213","author":"Ou\u00e9draogo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03418","article-title":"The relevance and applicability of oocyst prevalence as a read-out for mosquito feeding assays","volume":"3","author":"Stone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-204","volume":"12","author":"Gn\u00e9m\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.05.012","article-title":"High Plasmodium infection intensity in naturally infected malaria vectors in Africa","volume":"50","author":"Bompard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2024013006271208500_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1086\/427243","article-title":"Calculation of liver-to-blood inocula, parasite growth rates, and preerythrocytic vaccine efficacy, from serial quantitative polymerase chain reaction studies of volunteers challenged with malaria sporozoites","volume":"191","author":"Bejon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PNAS Nexus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac187\/45786298\/pgac187.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/1\/4\/pgac187\/56279322\/pgac187.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/1\/4\/pgac187\/56279322\/pgac187.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T16:41:34Z","timestamp":1727973694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac187\/6695313"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Karen E","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac187","relation":{},"ISSN":["2752-6542"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2752-6542","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"article-number":"pgac187"}}