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Observations during the COVID-19 lockdown in urban China show that the co-abatement of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) caused winter ground-level O3 increases, but the chemical mechanisms involved are unclear. Here we report field observations in the Shanghai lockdown that reveals increasing photochemical formation of O3 from VOC oxidation with decreasing NOx. Analyses of the VOC profiles and NO\/NO2 indicate that the O3 increases by the NOx reduction counteracted the O3 decreases through the VOC emission reduction in the VOC-limited region, and this may have been the main mechanism for this net O3 increase. The mechanism may have involved accelerated OH\u2013HO2\u2013RO2 radical cycling. The NOx reductions for increasing O3 production could explain why O3 increased from 2014 to 2020 in response to NOx emission reduction even as VOC emissions have essentially remained unchanged. Model simulations suggest that aggressive VOC abatement, particularly for alkenes and aromatics, should help reverse the long-term O3 increase under current NOx abatement conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T11:44:38Z","timestamp":1668771878000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Attributing Increases in Ozone to Accelerated Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds at Reduced Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Zekun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiakui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingqing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7044-2101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hartmut","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Troposph\u00e4renforschung (IfT) , Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5859-3070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianmin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0434-3057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China"},{"name":"Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC) , Shanghai , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2022121308575675400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6922","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04548","article-title":"Tracking PM2.5 and O3 Pollution 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