{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T10:56:56Z","timestamp":1793357816948,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005595","name":"University of California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LFR-18-548316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LFR-18-548316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mountain snowpacks are transitioning to experience less snowfall and more rainfall as the climate warms, creating more persistent low- to no-snow conditions. This precipitation shift also invites more high-impact rain-on-snow (ROS) events, which have historically yielded many of the largest and most damaging floods in the western United States. One such sequence of events preceded the evacuation of 188,000 residents below the already-damaged Oroville Dam spillway in February 2017 in California\u2019s Sierra Nevada. Prior studies have suggested that snowmelt during ROS dramatically amplified reservoir inflows. However, we present evidence that snowmelt may have played a smaller role than previously documented (augmenting terrestrial water inputs by 21%). A series of hydrologic model experiments and subdaily snow, soil, streamflow, and hydrometeorological measurements demonstrate that direct, \u201cpassive\u201d routing of rainfall through snow, and increasingly efficient runoff driven by gradually wetter soils can alternatively explain the extreme runoff totals. Our analysis reveals a crucial link between frequent winter storms and a basin\u2019s hydrologic response\u2014emphasizing the role of soil moisture \u201cmemory\u201d of within-season storms in priming impactful flood responses. Given the breadth in plausible ROS flood mechanisms, this case study underscores a need for more detailed measurements of soil moisture along with in-storm changes to snowpack structure, extent, energy balance, and precipitation phase to address ROS knowledge gaps associated with current observational limits. Sharpening our conceptual understanding of basin-scale ROS better equips water managers moving forward to appropriately classify threat levels, which are projected to increase throughout the mid-21st century.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T21:34:29Z","timestamp":1671226469000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Watershed memory amplified the Oroville rain-on-snow flood of February 2017"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0551-4396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayden","family":"Haleakala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095 , USA"},{"name":"Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, Scripps Institution of Oceanography , La Jolla, CA 92093 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0962-3426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W Tyler","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes, Scripps Institution of Oceanography , La Jolla, CA 92093 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1066-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin J","family":"Hatchett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute , Reno, NV 89512 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis 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