{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T02:04:49Z","timestamp":1783476289495,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/T04229X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T04229X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Speech is among the most complex motoric tasks humans ever perform. Songbirds match this achievement during song production through the precise and simultaneous motor control of two sound sources in the syrinx. Integrated and intricate motor control has made songbirds comparative models par excellence for the evolution of speech, however, phylogenetic distance with humans prevents an improved understanding of the precursors that, within the human lineage, drove the emergence of advanced vocal motor control and speech. Here, we report two types of biphonic call combination in wild orangutans that articulatorily resemble human beatboxing and that result from the simultaneous exercise of two vocal sound sources: one unvoiced source achieved through articulatory maneuvering of the lips, tongue, and jaw as typically used for consonant-like call production, plus one voiced source achieved through laryngeal action and voice activation as typically used for vowel-like call production. Orangutan biphonic call combinations showcase unappreciated levels of, and distinct neuromotor channels for, vocal motor control in a wild great ape, providing a direct vocal motor analogy with birdsong based on the precise and simultaneous co-control of two sound sources. Findings suggest that speech and human vocal fluency likely built upon complex call combination, coordination and coarticulation capacities that involved vowel-like and consonant-like calls in an ancestral hominid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T20:03:20Z","timestamp":1687896200000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Wild orangutans can simultaneously use two independent vocal sound sources similarly to songbirds and human beatboxers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Adriano R","family":"Lameira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3071-4824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeleine E","family":"Hardus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent researcher"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023073115472215400_pgad182-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.07.059","article-title":"Evolution of vocal diversity through morphological adaptation without vocal learning or complex neural control","volume":"27","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"2023073115472215400_pgad182-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8978","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9978","article-title":"Universal mechanisms of sound production and control in birds and mammals","volume":"6","author":"Elemans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2023073115472215400_pgad182-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax0287","article-title":"Evolution of vocal learning and spoken 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consonants","volume":"18","author":"Lameira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2023073115472215400_pgad182-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2010.0537","article-title":"The function of nonlinear phenomena in meerkat alarm calls","volume":"7","author":"Townsend","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"2023073115472215400_pgad182-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.50476","article-title":"Overtone focusing in biphonic Tuvan throat singing","volume":"9","author":"Bergevin","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2023073115472215400_pgad182-B10","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Orangutans","author":"Hardus","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023073115472215400_pgad182-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036180","article-title":"Call cultures in orang-utans?","volume":"7","author":"Wich","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS 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finch","volume":"459","author":"Feh\u00e9r","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023073115472215400_pgad182-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau4532","article-title":"Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity","volume":"363","author":"K\u00fchl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023073115472215400_pgad182-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600946","article-title":"Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: why primates matter","volume":"3","author":"Estrada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2023073115472215400_pgad182-B18"},{"key":"2023073115472215400_pgad182-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0044","article-title":"Proto-consonants were information-dense via identical bioacoustic tags to proto-vowels","volume":"1","author":"Lameira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Hum 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