{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:16:30Z","timestamp":1790759790014,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1726332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1726332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are central to diverse biological processes through which organisms respond to and interact with their surroundings. Yet, a lack of direct measurements limits our understanding of the distribution of ROS in the ocean. Using a recently developed in situ sensor, we show that deep-sea corals and sponges produce the ROS superoxide, revealing that benthic organisms can be sources and hotspots of ROS production in these environments. These findings confirm previous contentions that extracellular superoxide production by corals can be independent of the activity of photosynthetic symbionts. The discovery of deep-sea corals and sponges as sources of ROS has implications for the physiology and ecology of benthic organisms and introduces a previously overlooked suite of redox reactants at depth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T17:58:29Z","timestamp":1700071109000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Corals and sponges are hotspots of reactive oxygen species in the deep sea"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8025-0496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Taenzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, MA 02543 , USA"},{"name":"Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7683-0225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott D","family":"Wankel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, MA 02543 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Kapit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, MA 02543 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A","family":"Pardis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, MA 02543 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7204-9434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University , Bethlehem, PA 18015 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5777-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Auscavitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Boston University , Boston, MA 02215 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalina C","family":"Grabb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, MA 02543 , USA"},{"name":"Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6989-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Cordes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Temple University , Philadelphia, PA 19122 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3506-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen M","family":"Hansel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, MA 02543 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102285","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in the world ocean and their impacts on marine ecosystems","volume":"52","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-041320-102550","article-title":"Production of extracellular reactive oxygen species by marine biota","volume":"13","author":"Hansel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rev Mar Sci"},{"key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2015.10.012","article-title":"Measurement of dark, particle-generated superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production and decay in the subtropical and temperate North Pacific Ocean","volume":"107","author":"Roe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res Part I Oceanogr Res Pap"},{"key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1021\/es7024609","article-title":"Measurement and implications of nonphotochemically generated superoxide in the equatorial Pacific Ocean","volume":"42","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol."},{"issue":"6137","key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237331","article-title":"Widespread production of extracellular superoxide by heterotrophic bacteria","volume":"340","author":"Diaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.11247","article-title":"Extracellular superoxide production by key microbes in the global ocean","volume":"64","author":"Sutherland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13850","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b04022","article-title":"Development of a handheld submersible chemiluminescent sensor: quantification of superoxide at coral surfaces","volume":"53","author":"Grabb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.3390\/s22051709","article-title":"Development of a deep-sea submersible chemiluminescent analyzer for sensing short-lived reactive chemicals","volume":"22","author":"Taenzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012508","article-title":"Extracellular production and degradation of superoxide in the coral Stylophora pistillata and cultured symbiodinium","volume":"5","author":"Saragosti","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fby043","article-title":"Production of extracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by five marine species of harmful bloom-forming algae","volume":"40","author":"Diaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Plankton Res"},{"key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0114-4_23","volume-title":"Coral reefs: an ecosystem in transition","author":"Lesser","year":"2011"},{"issue":"13","key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06488.x","article-title":"Structure, regulation and evolution of Nox-family NADPH oxidases that produce reactive oxygen species","volume":"275","author":"Sumimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00124","article-title":"Rapid hydrogen peroxide release during coral-bacteria interactions","volume":"3","author":"Armoza-Zvuloni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21000","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21000","article-title":"Rapid hydrogen peroxide release from the coral Stylophora pistillata during feeding and in response to chemical and physical stimuli","volume":"6","author":"Armoza-Zvuloni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00124","article-title":"The influence of extracellular superoxide on iron redox chemistry and bioavailability to aquatic microorganisms","volume":"3","author":"Rose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2023112810470552700_pgad398-B16","article-title":"Additional data for \u2018corals and sponges are hotspots of reactive oxygen species in the deep sea\u2019. figshare","author":"Taenzer","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["PNAS Nexus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad398\/53484579\/pgad398.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/2\/11\/pgad398\/53892656\/pgad398.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/2\/11\/pgad398\/53892656\/pgad398.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T14:50:05Z","timestamp":1701183005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad398\/7420998"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Romanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad398","relation":{},"ISSN":["2752-6542"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2752-6542","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"article-number":"pgad398"}}