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Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs), pivotal in action potential generation and propagation within cardiac cells and sensory neurons, can be directly or indirectly modulated by S-palmitoylation, impacting channel trafficking and function. However, the role of S-palmitoylation in modulating NaV1.7, a significant contributor to pain pathophysiology, has remained unexplored. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by investigating if S-palmitoylation influences NaV1.7 channel function. Acyl-biotin exchange assays demonstrated that heterologously expressed NaV1.7 channels are modified by S-palmitoylation. Blocking S-palmitoylation with 2-bromopalmitate resulted in reduced NaV1.7 current density and hyperpolarized steady-state inactivation. We identified two S-palmitoylation sites within NaV1.7, both located in the second intracellular loop, which regulated different properties of the channel. Specifically, S-palmitoylation of cysteine 1126 enhanced NaV1.7 current density, while S-palmitoylation of cysteine 1152 modulated voltage-dependent inactivation. Blocking S-palmitoylation altered excitability of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Lastly, in human sensory neurons, NaV1.7 undergoes S-palmitoylation, and the attenuation of this post-translational modification results in alterations in the voltage-dependence of activation, leading to decreased neuronal excitability. Our data show, for the first time, that S-palmitoylation affects NaV1.7 channels, exerting regulatory control over their activity and, consequently, impacting rodent and human sensory neuron excitability. These findings provide a foundation for future pharmacological studies, potentially uncovering novel therapeutic avenues in the modulation of S-palmitoylation for NaV1.7 channels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T01:22:34Z","timestamp":1717550554000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Regulating neuronal excitability: The role of <i>S<\/i>-palmitoylation in NaV1.7 activity and voltage sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University , New York, NY 10010 , USA"},{"name":"The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081 , China"},{"name":"Peptide and Small Molecule Drug R&D Platform, Furong Laboratory, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8729-8636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paz","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University , New York, NY 10010 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Calderon-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University , New York, NY 10010 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6207-8370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Loya-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University , New York, NY 10010 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University , New York, NY 10010 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-3693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Perez-Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University , New York, NY 10010 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, 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