{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T07:09:27Z","timestamp":1790320167544,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013861","name":"Charles Koch Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Efforts to bridge political divides often focus on navigating complex and divisive issues, but eight studies reveal that we should also focus on a more basic misperception: that political opponents are willing to accept basic moral wrongs. In the United States, Democrats, and Republicans overestimate the number of political outgroup members who approve of blatant immorality (e.g. child pornography, embezzlement). This \u201cbasic morality bias\u201d is tied to political dehumanization and is revealed by multiple methods, including natural language analyses from a large social media corpus and a survey with a representative sample of Americans. Importantly, the basic morality bias can be corrected with a brief, scalable intervention. Providing information that just one political opponent condemns blatant wrongs increases willingness to work with political opponents and substantially decreases political dehumanization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T13:54:32Z","timestamp":1721138072000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["People believe political opponents accept blatant moral wrongs, fueling partisan divides"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6067-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Curtis","family":"Puryear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Organizations, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0606-8594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Kubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU) , Landau 67663 , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3846-0400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chelsea","family":"Schein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal Studies and Business Ethics, The Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0978-322X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yochanan E","family":"Bigman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebrew University Business School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190500 , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3762-3207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierce","family":"Ekstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Political Science, University of Nebraska Lincoln , Lincoln, NE 68588 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5816-2676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe1715","article-title":"Political sectarianism in America","volume":"370","author":"Finkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22752","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007747117","article-title":"Ethnic antagonism erodes Republicans\u2019 commitment to democracy","volume":"117","author":"Bartels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2015.1038455","article-title":"Does media coverage of partisan polarization affect political attitudes?","volume":"33","author":"Levendusky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polit Commun"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B4","author":"Yudkin","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1086\/697253","article-title":"The parties in our heads: misperceptions about party composition and their consequences","volume":"80","author":"Ahler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Polit"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2024.01.008","article-title":"Improving intergroup relations with meta-perception correction interventions","volume":"28","author":"Moore-Berg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01092-x","article-title":"The general fault in our fault lines","volume":"5","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0766-4","article-title":"Inaccurate group meta-perceptions drive negative out-group attributions in competitive contexts","volume":"4","author":"Lees","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.06.022","article-title":"Excluded from humanity: the dehumanizing effects of social ostracism","volume":"46","author":"Bastian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721414550709","article-title":"Moral character in person perception","volume":"24","author":"Goodwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430215590490","article-title":"From political opponents to enemies? The role of perceived moral distance in the animalistic dehumanization of the political outgroup","volume":"19","author":"Pacilli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Group Process Intergroup Relat"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506211068922","article-title":"Threat rejection fuels political dehumanization","volume":"14","author":"Kubin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Personal Sci"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-019-09545-w","article-title":"Partisan dehumanization in American politics","volume":"43","author":"Cassese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polit Behav"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-019-09559-4","article-title":"Party animals? Extreme partisan polarization and dehumanization","volume":"43","author":"Martherus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polit Behav"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/ncr.91202","article-title":"Deliberative dialogue to expand civic engagement: what kind of talk does democracy need?","volume":"91","author":"McCoy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Natl Civ Rev"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1575","article-title":"Perceptions of moral character modulate the neural systems of reward during the trust game","volume":"8","author":"Delgado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/mila.12000","article-title":"Moral reputation: an evolutionary and cognitive perspective","volume":"27","author":"Sperber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mind Lang"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764218759576","article-title":"Polarization and the global crisis of democracy: common patterns, dynamics, and pernicious consequences for democratic polities","volume":"62","author":"McCoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(92)90032-Y","article-title":"Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizable groups","volume":"13","author":"Boyd","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ethol Sociobiol"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400830336","volume-title":"Primates and philosophers: how morality evolved","author":"de Waal","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B21","author":"Smith","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B22","author":"Chait","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.06.008","article-title":"Algorithm-mediated social learning in online social networks","volume":"27","author":"Brady","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2112552118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2112552118","article-title":"Reducing opinion polarization: effects of exposure to similar people with differing political views","volume":"118","author":"Balietti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000048","article-title":"The ascent of man: theoretical and empirical evidence for blatant dehumanization","volume":"109","author":"Kteily","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.10.006","article-title":"Deep down my enemy is good: thinking about the true self reduces intergroup bias","volume":"74","author":"De Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672221089451","article-title":"People see political opponents as more stupid than evil","volume":"49","author":"Hartman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1561\/100.00014074","article-title":"Partisan bias in factual beliefs about politics","volume":"10","author":"Bullock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quart J Polit Sci"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/55.3.S173","article-title":"Measuring morbidity: disease counts, binary variables, and statistical power","volume":"55","author":"Ferraro","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B30","author":"APA","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2011.08.001","article-title":"It hurts both ways: how social comparisons harm affective and cognitive trust","volume":"117","author":"Dunn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2009.0683","article-title":"Trust and collaboration in the aftermath of conflict: the effects of contract structure","volume":"54","author":"Malhotra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acad Manage J"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2008.00668.x","article-title":"The secret lives of liberals and conservatives: personality profiles, interaction styles, and the things they leave behind","volume":"29","author":"Carney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polit Psychol"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.751","article-title":"A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory","volume":"90","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9216","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804840115","article-title":"Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization","volume":"115","author":"Bail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0239988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239988","article-title":"Are politically diverse thanksgiving dinners shorter than politically uniform ones?","volume":"15","author":"Frimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/pac0000264","article-title":"Backfire of good intentions: unexpected long-term contact intervention effects in an intractable conflict area","volume":"23","author":"Guffler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Peace Confl J Peace Psychol"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1561\/100.00014127","article-title":"You cannot be serious: the impact of accuracy incentives on partisan bias in reports of economic perceptions","volume":"10","author":"Prior","year":"2015","journal-title":"Q J Polit Sci"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12535","article-title":"Partisan gaps in political information and information-seeking behavior: motivated reasoning or cheerleading?","volume":"65","author":"Peterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Polit Sci"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12394","article-title":"The nature and origins of misperceptions: understanding false and unsupported beliefs about politics","volume":"38","author":"Flynn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polit Psychol"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X8100900303","article-title":"Balance theory and political cognitions","volume":"9","author":"Shaffer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Polit Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B42","article-title":"Partisan reasoning in a high stakes environment: assessing partisan informational gaps on COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Peterson","year":"2022","journal-title":"HKS Misinfo Rev"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1017\/S1537592721004096","article-title":"Expressive survey responding: a closer look at the evidence and its implications for American democracy","volume":"21","author":"Malka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perspect Polit"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B44","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Cognitive illusions: intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment, and memory","author":"Pennycook","year":"2016","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053168015604648","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168015604648","article-title":"Who are these people?\u201d evaluating the demographic characteristics and political preferences of MTurk survey respondents","volume":"2","author":"Huff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Polit"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_01160","article-title":"Cross-country trends in affective polarization","volume":"106","author":"Boxell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Econ Stat"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2008389118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008389118","article-title":"Personal experiences bridge moral and political divides better than facts","volume":"118","author":"Kubin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2024073108401092100_pgae244-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615594620","article-title":"Tweeting from left to right: is online political communication more than an echo chamber?","volume":"26","author":"Barber\u00e1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"}],"container-title":["PNAS Nexus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/3\/7\/pgae244\/58651685\/pgae244.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/3\/7\/pgae244\/58651685\/pgae244.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T02:01:40Z","timestamp":1732413700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae244\/7712370"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"James","family":"Druckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae244","relation":{},"ISSN":["2752-6542"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2752-6542","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"article-number":"pgae244"}}