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Whereas this effect has been mostly explained in terms of weakening cognitive control, cognitive effort may also bias behavioral choices by amplifying the hedonic and emotional impact of rewards. We report parallel findings with animals and humans supporting this hypothesis. In rats, exerting cognitive effort immediately before access to cocaine self-administration significantly increased drug intake. In addition, exerting cognitive effort increased the psychostimulant effect of cocaine. The effects of cognitive effort on addiction-related behaviors were eliminated and even reversed when animals could rest in their home-cage for 2\u20134\u2005h before access to cocaine self-administration. Among humans, we found that expending cognitive effort increased consumption of tasty (but unhealthy) food by increasing the hedonic enjoyment of consuming the food. In addition, the effects were specific for emotionally relevant stimuli (i.e. food rewards) and did not generalize to judgment about neutral objects. Altogether these data suggest that intense cognitive effort can increase the perceived intensity of rewards and lead to their overconsumption. This effect may contribute to bad decision making induced by excessive cognitive effort and make people more vulnerable to indulge in unhealthy behaviors such as use of addictive drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T12:02:14Z","timestamp":1729598534000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cognitive effort increases the intensity of rewards"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Mejda","family":"Wahab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, INSERM, U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Exp\u00e9rimentales et Cliniques , Poitiers 86073 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9621-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole L","family":"Mead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich School of Business, York University , 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