{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T16:44:20Z","timestamp":1756572260659,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stanford Social Impact Lab Test Solutions Funding"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHS 1901151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHS 1901151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Stanford Interdisciplinary Graduate Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>One of humanity's greatest strengths lies in our ability to collaborate to achieve more than we can alone. Just as collaboration can be an important strength, humankind's inability to detect deception is one of our greatest weaknesses. Recently, our struggles with deception detection have been the subject of scholarly and public attention with the rise and spread of misinformation online, which threatens public health and civic society. Fortunately, prior work indicates that going beyond the individual can ameliorate weaknesses in deception detection by promoting active discussion or by harnessing the \u201cwisdom of crowds.\u201d Can group collaboration similarly enhance our ability to recognize online misinformation? We conducted a lab experiment where participants assessed the veracity of credible news and misinformation on social media either as an actively collaborating group or while working alone. Our results suggest that collaborative groups were more accurate than individuals at detecting false posts, but not more accurate than a majority-based simulated group, suggesting that \u201cwisdom of crowds\u201d is the more efficient method for identifying misinformation. Our findings reorient research and policy from focusing on the individual to approaches that rely on crowdsourcing or potentially on collaboration in addressing the problem of misinformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T09:52:29Z","timestamp":1727689949000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Collaboration, crowdsourcing, and misinformation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8407-9224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenyan","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts, Media and Design and Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, MA 02115 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Communication, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9527-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela Yuson","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5669-721X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan C","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8403-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cid Halsey-Steve","family":"Decatur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8910-9384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunny Xun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5367-2677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey T","family":"Hancock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203848784","volume-title":"In search of synergy in small group performance","author":"Larson","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5827","key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136099","article-title":"The increasing dominance of teams in production of knowledge","volume":"316","author":"Wuchty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/hcr\/hqac002","article-title":"Interpersonal discussion and political knowledge: unpacking the black box via a combined experimental and content-analytic approach","volume":"48","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"year":"2023","author":"Chiang","key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581015"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1184","article-title":"Are groups more rational than individuals? A review of interactive decision making in groups","volume":"3","author":"Kugler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci"},{"volume-title":"Duped: truth-default theory and the social science of lying and deception","year":"2019","author":"Levine","key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B6"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-024","article-title":"Misinformation in action: fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power","volume":"1","author":"Ognyanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harv Kennedy Sch Misinformation Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01056-1","article-title":"Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA","volume":"5","author":"Loomba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"24","key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7460","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504048112","article-title":"Group discussion improves lie detection","volume":"112","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/n9h4y","article-title":"Spotting false news and doubting true news: a meta-analysis of news judgements","author":"Pf\u00e4nder","year":"2023","journal-title":"OSF Preprints"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.4.681","article-title":"Social loafing: a meta-analytic review and theoretical integration","volume":"65","author":"Karau","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916231190388","article-title":"Crowds can effectively identify misinformation at scale","volume":"19","author":"Martel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620939054","article-title":"Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention","volume":"31","author":"Pennycook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"36","key":"2024103012132107800_pgae434-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf4393","article-title":"Scaling up fact-checking using the wisdom of crowds","volume":"7","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"}],"container-title":["PNAS Nexus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae434\/59445617\/pgae434.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/3\/10\/pgae434\/59961547\/pgae434.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/3\/10\/pgae434\/59961547\/pgae434.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T16:53:39Z","timestamp":1730307219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae434\/7794776"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David","family":"Rand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae434","relation":{},"ISSN":["2752-6542"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2752-6542"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"article-number":"pgae434"}}