{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:40:55Z","timestamp":1791852055118,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR-825813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR-825813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGS-185270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-185270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n RIESPIRO","award":["PID2021128510OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021128510OB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the vegetation root zone, infiltration (Inf) parts in two directions with distinct Earth-system functions. One goes up as evapotranspiration (E + Tr), returning Inf to the atmosphere (short-circuiting) and affecting short-term weather\/climate and the carbon cycle. The other goes down as deep drainage (DD), flushing the regolith, mobilizing nutrients\/contaminates and dissolved minerals into aquifers and rivers, eventually reaching the ocean (long-circuiting) thus regulating global biogeochemical cycles and long-term climate. We ask, what is the modern-day global structure in short- vs. long-circuiting? What forces and feedbacks create such structures? Synthesizing site-studies aided by global modeling, we found that: (i) long-circuiting prevails in evenly wet climates, in well-drained landscapes with a deep vadose zone, in substrates with deep conduits, and with plant biomass below natural equilibrium; (ii) soil B-horizons, via geochemical and vegetation feedbacks, enhance short-circuiting, while deep rock fractures enable long-circuiting even in dry climates; (iii) in dry climate\/season and in uplands, plant roots follow Inf into deep vadose zone to tap wet-season Inf; (iv) plant water-use reinforces shallow Inf, reducing DD and regolith flushing in dry and season-dry climates; (v) where short-circuiting prevails, a dry soil zone separates modern surface processes from fossil groundwater; and (vi) the E + Tr supply depth, regolith flushing rate, and groundwater residence time vary greatly across the land, arising from multiscale drivers\/feedbacks among climate, drainage, substrate, and biomass. These findings link site-based process discoveries to Earth-system level structures and functions of water belowground, shedding light on where\/when\/how the infiltrated rain influences the atmosphere above or the ocean downstream.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T11:03:38Z","timestamp":1731668618000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Infiltration depth, rooting depth, and regolith flushing\u2014A global perspective"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0024-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, NJ 08544 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