{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T04:23:21Z","timestamp":1769747001951,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BCCN Berlin"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006211","name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Elephants are the largest terrestrial animals, but our knowledge of their brains is limited. We studied brain size, proportions, and development in Asian (Elephas maximus) and African savanna (Loxodonta africana) elephants. Specifically, we weighed, photographed, and analyzed postmortem magnetic resonance scans of elephant brains in addition to collecting elephant brain data from the literature. Despite their smaller body size, adult Asian female elephants have substantially and significantly heavier brains (mean 5,346 \u00b1 916\u2005g SD) than adult African savanna female elephants (mean 4,417 \u00b1 593\u2005g SD). In line with their larger body size, adult African savanna male elephants (mean 5,603 \u00b1 1,159\u2005g SD) have significantly heavier brains than African female elephants; the brain weight of the adult male Asian elephant remains unclear. Elephant brain weight increases \u223c3-fold postnatally. This postnatal increase is similar to that of the human brain but is larger than that seen in nonhuman primates. Asian elephants likely have more cerebral cortical gray matter than African ones; their cerebellum is relatively smaller (19.1% of total brain weight) than in African elephants (22.3%). Our data indicate a higher degree of encephalization in Asian than in African savanna elephants. The massive postnatal brain growth of elephants is likely related to prolonged adolescence and the important role of experience in elephant life history.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgaf141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T10:41:26Z","timestamp":1747737686000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Larger brains and relatively smaller cerebella in Asian elephants compared with African savanna elephants"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Malav","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , Philippstr. 13, Haus 6, 10115 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Heise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , Philippstr. 13, Haus 6, 10115 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Buss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, South African National Parks , Skukuza 01350 ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin-Mari","family":"de Klerk-Lorist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD) , Skukuza, Mpumalanga 01350 ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hetzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (BCAN), Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Sauerbruchweg 4, Charit\u00e9platz 1, Berlin 10117 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John-Dylan","family":"Haynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (BCAN), Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Sauerbruchweg 4, Charit\u00e9platz 1, Berlin 10117 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8685-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Hildebrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research , Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, D-10315 Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5387-0953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Brecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience 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