{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:41:44Z","timestamp":1788273704656,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["024ZD0531600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["024ZD0531600"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23JCZDJC00330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JCZDJC00330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tianjin Municipal Education Commission Scientific Research Program","award":["2022ZD056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZD056"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82330031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82330031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["227150\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["227150\/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Myopia has become a significant public health concern among school-aged children in East Asia. A growing body of evidence acknowledges the multifactorial nature of myopia, including genetic susceptibility, lifestyle habits, and environmental influences. However, the specific role of air quality on vision remains poorly understood due to many confounding variables. Here, we applied an explainable machine learning framework with a large multifactorial cohort to identify key drivers of uncorrected visual acuity and to quantify the potential vision benefits of cleaner air in nearly 30,000 school-aged children. We show that, after controlling for potential confounders, lower ambient nitrogen dioxide and fine particles levels are independently associated with better vision. Primary school students and children with mild-to-moderate myopia benefit more from cleaner air than highly myopic or senior school students. These findings reinforce the emerging view that air pollution plays a significant and modifiable role in visual development. Importantly, our results uniquely indicate that early interventions to reduce air pollution exposure for younger children could yield greater benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgaf279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T12:02:49Z","timestamp":1758628969000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Benefits of clean air for school children's vision health"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1185-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8850-9527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuqing","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9708-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruihua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , No. 251 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300384 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0947-1541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , No. 251 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300384 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0793-6536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congchao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8227-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A Robert","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1177-252X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nai-jun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University , No. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7157-543X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongbo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7651-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ocular Trauma, Ministry of Education International Joint Laboratory of Ocular Diseases, Tianjin Institute of Eye Health and Eye Diseases, China-UK \u201cBelt and Road\u201d Ophthalmology Joint Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin 300052 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482788","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1482788","article-title":"Machine-learning models to predict myopia in children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Mu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"6","author":"Baird","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004","article-title":"The epidemics of myopia: aetiology and prevention","volume":"62","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2025.2457623","article-title":"Impact of ambient air pollution on reduced visual acuity among children and adolescents","volume":"32(5)","author":"Kai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2313006","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.13006","article-title":"Analysis of secondhand smoke exposure and myopia among children aged 6 to 8 years in Hong Kong","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000372","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000372","article-title":"Air pollution and the microvasculature: a cross-sectional assessment of in vivo retinal images in the population-based Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"7","author":"Adar","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618597","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.618597","article-title":"Polluted air exposure compromises corneal immunity and exacerbates inflammation in acute herpes simplex keratitis","volume":"12","author":"Sendra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"047014","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP13556","article-title":"Characterizing important dietary exposure sources of perfluoroalkyl acids in inuit youth and adults in nunavik using a feature selection tool","volume":"132","author":"Aker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e384","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(25)00048-8","article-title":"Trends in population exposure to compound extreme-risk temperature and air pollution across 35 European countries: a modelling study","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122358","article-title":"Advances and applications of machine learning and deep learning in environmental ecology and health","volume":"335","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2109098118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109098118","article-title":"Predicting the effect of confinement on the COVID-19 spread using machine learning enriched with satellite air pollution observations","volume":"118","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztae094","article-title":"Supervised machine learning including environmental factors to predict in-hospital outcomes in acute heart failure patients","volume":"6","author":"Sibilia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Digit Health"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010517","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010517","article-title":"Machine learning-based risk factor analysis and prevalence prediction of intestinal parasitic infections using epidemiological survey data","volume":"16","author":"Zafar","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x","article-title":"Myopia and associated pathological complications","volume":"25","author":"Saw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4353-z","article-title":"A genetic perspective on myopia","volume":"62","author":"Jacobi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","article-title":"Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.04.020","article-title":"The association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Sherwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031186","article-title":"The adverse effects of air pollution on the eye: a review","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00076-7","article-title":"Association of early-life exposure to air and noise pollution with youth mental health: findings from the ALSPAC cohort","volume":"8 Suppl 1","author":"Newbury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124750","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution and visual impairment in children: a nationwide cross-sectional study in China","volume":"407","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00401-w","article-title":"Distributions and determinants of time spent outdoors among school-age children in China","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314675","article-title":"How does spending time outdoors protect against myopia? A review","volume":"104","author":"Lingham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12040","article-title":"Myopia and international educational performance","volume":"33","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B26","first-page":"332","article-title":"Nearwork in early-onset myopia","volume":"43","author":"Saw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B27","first-page":"1","article-title":"NOx emission trends for China, 1995\u20132004: the view from the ground and the view from space","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12030209","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and vision disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70674","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22764-9","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on myopia: an update on clinical evidence and biological mechanisms","volume":"29","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-023-09791-z","article-title":"PM(2.5) exposure increases dry eye disease risks through corneal epithelial inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunctions","volume":"39","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biol Toxicol"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1145","article-title":"Experimental dry eye stimulates production of inflammatory cytokines and MMP-9 and activates MAPK signaling pathways on the ocular surface","volume":"45","author":"Luo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113031","article-title":"PM2.5 and NOx exposure promote myopia: clinical evidence and experimental proof","volume":"254","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114231","article-title":"Ambient particulate matter exposure causes visual dysfunction and retinal neuronal degeneration","volume":"247","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139416","article-title":"Real-world assessment of vehicle air pollutant emissions subset by vehicle type, fuel and EURO class: new findings from the recent UK EDAR field campaigns, and implications for emissions restricted zones","volume":"734","author":"Ghaffarpasand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8207","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c10372","article-title":"Reducing indoor particulate air pollution improves student test scores: a randomized double-blind crossover study","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110817","article-title":"Air quality around schools: Part I\u2014A comprehensive literature review across high-income countries","volume":"196","author":"Osborne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp1870","article-title":"Policy-induced air pollution health disparities: statistical and data science considerations","volume":"385","author":"Mork","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-323688","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents aged 6\u201316 during COVID-19 pandemic: a large-scale cross-sectional study in Tianjin, China","volume":"108","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI\u2014defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-3273-2020","article-title":"Improved 1 km resolution PM2.5 estimates across China using enhanced space\u2013time extremely randomized trees","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112136","article-title":"Reconstructing 1-km-resolution high-quality PM 2.5 data records from 2000 to 2018 in China: spatiotemporal variations and policy implications","volume":"252","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-1511-2023","article-title":"Ground-level gaseous pollutants (NO2, SO2, and CO) in China: daily seamless mapping and spatiotemporal variations","volume":"23","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9988","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03834","article-title":"Ground-level NO(2) surveillance from space across China for high resolution using interpretable spatiotemporally weighted artificial intelligence","volume":"56","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.03.103","article-title":"The association between greenness and traffic-related air pollution at schools","volume":"523","author":"Dadvand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050922","article-title":"Annual time series of global VIIRS nighttime lights derived from monthly averages: 2012 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Elvidge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens (Basel)"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8589","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017031108","article-title":"Using luminosity data as a proxy for economic statistics","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B47","author":"LeDell","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B48","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.39.10.1095","article-title":"Stochastic games","volume":"39","author":"Shapley","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026020603515241200_pgaf279-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0138-9","article-title":"From local explanations to global understanding with explainable AI for trees","volume":"2","author":"Lundberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"}],"container-title":["PNAS Nexus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/4\/9\/pgaf279\/64332101\/pgaf279.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/4\/9\/pgaf279\/64332101\/pgaf279.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T08:52:04Z","timestamp":1770367924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgaf279\/8259670"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Fares","family":"Alahdab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgaf279","relation":{},"ISSN":["2752-6542"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2752-6542","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"article-number":"pgaf279"}}