{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:39:25Z","timestamp":1785800365569,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000879","name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G-2019-11399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-2019-11399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011743","name":"Tennessee Valley Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The adoption of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems can create upward pressure on retail electricity rates as utilities are forced to spread their fixed costs of generation and transmission across a smaller customer base. Since high-income households are more likely to purchase PV systems, low-income households may be disproportionately impacted by these rate increases. Using a novel combination of agent-based computational economic modeling and a choice experiment of rooftop solar adoption, we show how this pecuniary externality between low- and high-income customers increases low-income electricity bills by 10% in an area with some of the highest poverty rates in the United States. Since high-income solar adoption is less sensitive to electricity bills than low-income adoption, this pecuniary externality also reduces PV adoption inequity by nearly 1 percentage point. However, the reduction in PV adoption inequity, and the bill savings it generates, are not large enough to offset the $7.8 million ($9.86 per customer) annual increase in low-income electricity bills. Low-income assistance programs will likely fail to fully internalize the pecuniary externality due to horizontal and within-income-group vertical equity concerns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgaf356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T13:10:38Z","timestamp":1765285838000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The equity implications of pecuniary externalities on an electric grid"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0458-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Sims","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Baker School of Public Policy, University of Tennessee , 1640 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN 37996 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9853-1082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gasser G","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , Edinburg, TX 78539 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-5187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J Scott","family":"Holladay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN 37996 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Roberson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Finance, and Marketing, Tennessee Tech University , Cookeville, TN 38505 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-fei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Criminal Justice, Clemson University , Clemson, SC 29631 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