{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:28:45Z","timestamp":1792794525924,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC3307605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3307605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tsinghua University-Toyota Research Center","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cve4549","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Urban transit networks are crucial for sustainable cities, yet their uneven distribution often results in unequal access to urban resources. Prior studies primarily focused on accessibility within transit networks while overlooking its implications for residents\u2019 behaviors and the historical and political roots of inequality. Using door-to-door transit information and over 66 million mobility records, we examine racial disparities in New York City\u2019s transit accessibility and their impact on mobility behaviors. We find that ethnic minorities have 4.9% lower neighborhood accessibility, 15.7% less job accessibility, and 14.9% poorer access to essential facilities compared to the white population. These disparities exacerbate residential segregation by 26.9% and confine minorities to limited mobility, higher unemployment risks, and longer travel to essential services. Importantly, inequalities persist even after accounting for socioeconomic covariates, housing values, and residential sorting, pointing to the enduring influence of wealth, political power, and discriminatory planning legacies. Simulations indicate that enhancing transit infrastructure in minority block groups could reduce these gaps by up to 49.8%. Our findings highlight the critical need to integrate equity, affordability, and inclusiveness into the design of future sustainable transit systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T13:01:21Z","timestamp":1779195681000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantifying racial inequality in transit access across New York City"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0187-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5720-4026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengli","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5539-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Talen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Sciences Division, University of Chicago , IL 60637 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8482-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta C","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of City and Regional Planning and Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5617-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026051909011449700_pgag025-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-016-0705-0","article-title":"Public transportation and sustainability: a review","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"KSCE J Civ Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051909011449700_pgag025-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37728-x","article-title":"The effect of sustainable mobility transition policies on cumulative urban transport emissions and energy demand","volume":"14","author":"Winkler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026051909011449700_pgag025-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.10.018","article-title":"Transit-oriented development: a review of research achievements and challenges","volume":"132","author":"Ibraeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp Res Part A Policy Pract"},{"key":"2026051909011449700_pgag025-B4","author":"Salat","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026051909011449700_pgag025-B5","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051909011449700_pgag025-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.102212","article-title":"Planning transport for social inclusion: an accessibility-activity participation approach","volume":"78","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp Res D Transp Environ"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026051909011449700_pgag025-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regsciurbeco.2018.10.007","article-title":"Transit access and neighborhood segregation. 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