{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T02:12:13Z","timestamp":1778119933532,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We explored the phenomenon of \u201cpolitical breakups,\u201d i.e. losing relationships with friends, family members, romantic partners, or others due to political differences. We studied the conditions surrounding political breakups in the United States across four datasets (combined n = 3,791) and supplemented our findings using a proxy measure from the American National Election Studies. In a survey we conducted in April 2025, we found that 37% of Americans reported having had a political breakup, mostly with friends. The prevalence of breakups in the United States appears to have increased since 2016, although evidence is limited. Across all datasets, Democrats were more likely to have experienced a breakup compared with Republicans and were usually the initiator. Political breakups were associated with increased partisan hostility, above and beyond strength of partisanship: Those who reported breakups had more negative feelings toward their political opponents (especially voters rather than party elites), perceived them as more extreme, and ascribed selfish views to them. We discuss potential causes and call for more research on this phenomenon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T06:54:07Z","timestamp":1777964047000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Political breakups: Interpersonal consequences of\u00a0polarization"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4231-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mertcan","family":"G\u00fcng\u00f6r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California\u2014Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697-7085 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter H","family":"Ditto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California\u2014Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697-7085 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-051117-073034","article-title":"The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States","volume":"22","author":"Iyengar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Polit Sci"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2856","article-title":"Political identity dissimilarity, workplace incivility, and declines in well-being: a prospective investigation","volume":"35","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000422","article-title":"Political affiliation and employment screening decisions: the role of similarity and identification processes","volume":"105","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B4","article-title":"Political Sorting in the U.S. Labor Market: Evidence and Explanations","author":"Chinoy","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-014-9286-0","article-title":"Does politics influence hiring? Evidence from a randomized experiment","volume":"37","author":"Gift","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polit Behav"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01066-z","article-title":"The measurement of partisan sorting for 180 million voters","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.10.010","article-title":"How ideological migration geographically segregates groups","volume":"51","author":"Motyl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polgeo.2014.11.003","article-title":"Seeking politically compatible neighbors? The role of neighborhood partisan composition in residential sorting","volume":"48","author":"Gimpel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polit Geogr"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1086\/698929","article-title":"The home as a political fortress: family agreement in an era of polarization","volume":"80","author":"Iyengar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Polit"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-063020-030612","article-title":"The psychology of moral conviction","volume":"72","author":"Skitka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe1715","article-title":"Political sectarianism in America","volume":"370","author":"Finkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Finkel","year":"25  2024","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/ahgy6"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430211401048","article-title":"Can friendships be bipartisan? The effects of political ideology on peer relationships","volume":"14","author":"Poteat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Group Process Intergroup Relat"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407520939191","article-title":"\u201c\u200cHow do you like them now?\u201d\u200c\u00a0Expected reactions upon discovering that a friend is a political out-group member","volume":"37","author":"Buliga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Soc Pers Relatsh"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1086\/687533","article-title":"Political homophily in social relationships: evidence from online dating behavior","volume":"79","author":"Huber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Polit"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000467","article-title":"I love you but I hate your politics: the role of political dissimilarity in romantic relationships.","volume":"129","author":"Gordon","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.11.024","article-title":"Relationship satisfaction and similarity of personality traits, personal values, and attitudes","volume":"123","author":"Leikas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/hcr\/hqac011","article-title":"Love and politics: the influence of politically (dis)similar romantic relationships on political participation and relationship satisfaction","volume":"48","author":"Peacock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Commun Res"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq1433","article-title":"The effect of partisanship and political advertising on close family ties","volume":"360","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0239988","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239988","article-title":"Are politically diverse Thanksgiving dinners shorter than politically uniform ones?","volume":"15","author":"Frimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/soaa101","article-title":"Close relationships in close elections","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Forces"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2508.2006.00376.x","article-title":"The workplace as a context for cross-cutting political discourse","volume":"68","author":"Mutz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Polit"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055402004264","article-title":"Cross-cutting social networks: testing democratic theory in practice","volume":"96","author":"Mutz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Polit Sci Rev"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2008389118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008389118","article-title":"Personal experiences bridge moral and political divides better than facts","volume":"118","author":"Kubin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12875","article-title":"Reducing political dehumanization by pairing facts with personal experiences","volume":"44","author":"Kubin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polit Psychol"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01617-6","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of 90 cohort studies of social isolation, loneliness and mortality","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000316","article-title":"Social relationships\u00a0and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review","volume":"7","author":"Holt-Lunstad","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614568352","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review","volume":"10","author":"Holt-Lunstad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.3.458","article-title":"Social ties and mental health","volume":"78","author":"Kawachi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","article-title":"The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation","volume":"117","author":"Baumeister","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B31","unstructured":"American National Election Studies . ANES 2024 time series study full release [data set]. Date of deposit 2025 August8."},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B32","unstructured":"American National Election Studies . ANES 2020 time series study full release [data set]. Date of deposit 2022 February 10."},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1086\/697253","article-title":"The parties in our heads: misperceptions about party composition and their consequences","volume":"80","author":"Ahler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Polit"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01092-x","article-title":"The general fault in our fault lines","volume":"5","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0766-4","article-title":"Inaccurate group meta-perceptions drive negative out-group attributions in competitive contexts","volume":"4","author":"Lees","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfv045","article-title":"(Mis)perceptions of partisan polarization in the American public","volume":"80","author":"Levendusky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Opin Q"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2116870119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116870119","article-title":"Current research overstates American support for political violence","volume":"119","author":"Westwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2022.28","article-title":"Acquiescence bias inflates estimates of conspiratorial beliefs and political misperceptions","volume":"31","author":"Hill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Lopez","year":"6  2018","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3131087"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/pere.12437","article-title":"Breaking-up is hard to study: a review of two decades of dissolution research","volume":"30","author":"Machia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pers Relatsh"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407586033002","article-title":"Keeping and ending casual, close and best friendships","volume":"3","author":"Rose","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Soc Pers Relatsh"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2023.112211","article-title":"This has to end: an explorative analysis of the strategies people use in order to terminate an undesirable friendship","volume":"209","author":"Apostolou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1177\/02724316211002266","article-title":"Breaking up (with a friend) is hard to do: an examination of friendship dissolution among early adolescents","volume":"41","author":"Flannery","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Early Adolesc"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/10570318209374082","article-title":"Strategies for ending relationships: two studies","volume":"46","author":"Baxter","year":"1982","journal-title":"West J Speech Commun"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.07.007","article-title":"Friendship loss and dissolution in adulthood: a conceptual model","volume":"43","author":"Vieth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407501184007","article-title":"Socially desirable responding in close relationships: a dual-component approach and measure","volume":"18","author":"Loving","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Soc Pers Relatsh"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2023.48.22","article-title":"Better to ask online when it concerns intimate relationships? Survey mode differences in the assessment of relationship quality","volume":"48","author":"Schumann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Demogr Res"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-013-0270-9","article-title":"Breaking up is hard to count: the rise of divorce in the United States, 1980\u20132010","volume":"51","author":"Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2010.00737.x","article-title":"Are divorce studies trustworthy? The effects of survey nonresponse and response errors","volume":"72","author":"Mitchell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12216","article-title":"Parents and children who are estranged in adulthood: a review and discussion of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Blake","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Fam Theory Rev"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfad053","article-title":"Social desirability and affective polarization","volume":"87","author":"Connors","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Opin Q"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.5.859","article-title":"Sensitive questions in surveys","volume":"133","author":"Tourangeau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1017\/nws.2020.9","article-title":"Political isolation in America","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Netw Sci"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2011.641070","article-title":"The \u201cwho\u201d matters: types of interpersonal relationships and avoidance of political disagreement","volume":"29","author":"Morey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polit Commun"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2009.28.6.749","article-title":"Understanding social relationship maintenance among friends: why we don\u2019t end those frustrating friendships","volume":"28","author":"Bushman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Soc Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410606990-5","volume-title":"Maintaining relationships through communication","author":"Hess","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4773-0_4","volume-title":"Handbook of interpersonal commitment and relationship stability","author":"Johnson","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1017\/S000712341700059X","article-title":"The moral roots of partisan division: how moral conviction heightens affective polarization","volume":"50","author":"Garrett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Polit Sci"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000495","article-title":"Asymmetric polarization: the perception that republicans pose\u00a0harm to disadvantaged groups drives democrats\u2019 greater dislike of republicans in social contexts","volume":"130","author":"Nair","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015141","article-title":"Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations","volume":"96","author":"Graham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2024.102814","article-title":"Vertical vs horizontal affective polarization: disentangling feelings towards elites and voters","volume":"90","author":"Areal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elect Stud"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfz003","article-title":"What do we measure when\u00a0we measure affective polarization?","volume":"83","author":"Druckman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Opin Q"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430214556699","article-title":"Positive intergroup contact, negative intergroup contact, and threat as predictors of cognitive and affective dimensions of prejudice","volume":"18","author":"Aberson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Group Process Intergroup Relat"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167212457953","article-title":"The contact caveat: negative contact\u00a0predicts increased prejudice more than positive contact\u00a0predicts reduced prejudice","volume":"38","author":"Barlow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167210388667","article-title":"Negative intergroup contact makes group memberships salient: explaining why intergroup conflict endures","volume":"36","author":"Paolini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503620766","volume-title":"A theory of cognitive dissonance","author":"Festinger","year":"1957"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015701","article-title":"Feeling validated versus being correct: a meta-analysis of selective exposure to information","volume":"135","author":"Hart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadh4764","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh4764","article-title":"Megastudy testing 25 treatments to reduce antidemocratic attitudes and partisan animosity","volume":"386","author":"Voelkel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B69","volume-title":"Our epidemic of loneliness and isolation: the U.S. surgeon general's advisory on the healing effects of social connection and community","author":"Office of the Surgeon General (OSG)","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B70","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B71","unstructured":"Ellis GF, Lumley T, \u017b\u00f3\u0142tak T, Schneider B, Krivitsky PN. 2024. srvyr: \u2018dplyr\u2019-like syntax for summary statistics of survey data [data set]. Date of deposit 2024 August 19."},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B72","unstructured":"Lumley T, Gao P, Schneider B. 2024. survey: analysis of complex survey samples [data set]. Date of deposit 2024 March 20."},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v111.i09","article-title":"How to interpret statistical models using marginaleffects for R and Python","volume":"111","author":"Arel-Bundock","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B74","author":"Pasek","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B75","unstructured":"Cards Against Humanity . Cards against humanity, pulse of the nation poll: public issues survey wave 2 \u00a0[data set]. Roper Center for Public Opinion Research. 10.25940\/ROPER-31115218. Date of deposit 2017."},{"key":"2026050621420232100_pgag067-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1086\/230638","article-title":"Statistical methods for comparing regression coefficients between models","volume":"100","author":"Clogg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"}],"container-title":["PNAS Nexus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/5\/5\/pgag067\/68210107\/pgag067.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/5\/5\/pgag067\/68210107\/pgag067.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T01:42:29Z","timestamp":1778118149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag067\/8666534"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2752-6542"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2752-6542","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"article-number":"pgag067"}}