{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T18:08:05Z","timestamp":1779473285239,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Virginia Strategic Investment Fund Awards","award":["SIF160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIF160"]}]},{"name":"University of Virginia Strategic Investment Fund Awards","award":["SIF186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIF186"]}]},{"name":"Contagion Science","award":["P2PE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2PE"]}]},{"name":"Contagion Science","award":["SIF176A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIF176A"]}]},{"name":"Clean Energy Award"},{"name":"MIT Energy Initiative Future Energy System Center"},{"name":"US DOE\u2019s Grid Modernization Initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The residential sector accounts for roughly 35% of US electricity use. Retrofitting residential buildings has been proposed as an effective strategy to reduce energy costs and improve individuals\u2019 quality of life and health. Federal and state funding plays a crucial role in supporting these initiatives by providing financial assistance through grants, tax credits, and low-interest loans. Key challenges here include selecting which households to serve and determining assistance levels so that savings are not skewed toward particular regions or income brackets. We propose RAISE (Retrofitting Allocation using Income &amp; Spatial Equity), a framework that allocates a state\u2019s retrofit budget to maximize total energy savings while ensuring fair distribution across counties and income groups. RAISE estimates prospective savings through hourly household consumption models\u2014pre- and post-retrofit\u2014that integrate demographics, weather data, solar irradiance, appliance inventories, and survey inputs. At the core of RAISE\u2019s budget allocation is an income-weighted \u03f5 (IW\u03f5) index, where parameter \u03f5\u2208[0,1] tunes the balance between efficiency and equity by enforcing two tiers of constraints: intercounty equity weighted by each county\u2019s median income, and intracounty equity among households based on individual incomes. By adjusting \u03f5, policymakers can trade off equity against total savings to match policy goals. A Virginia case study shows that RAISE\u2014across varying \u03f5 settings\u2014delivers 60\u2013101% greater energy savings than current approaches while markedly reducing the number of low-income households receiving &amp;lt;10% of their retrofit cost. This two-tiered method is both computationally efficient and offers precise control over geographic and income-based allocation disparities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:57:52Z","timestamp":1778587072000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tunable and computationally efficient framework for retrofitting: Budget allocation using income and spatial equity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7447-4100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aparna","family":"Kishore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Biocomplexity Institute, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22903 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6928-449X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaarthik","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Intelligence & Modeling Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, NM 87545 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepjyoti","family":"Deka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Energy Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02142 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1653-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhav V","family":"Marathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA 22904 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Unjust burden-sharing of rent increases in extensive energy retrofitting projects in Sweden","volume":"92","author":"von Platten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Res Soc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1287\/ijoc.2022.0295","article-title":"Fair and reliable reconnections for temporary disruptions in electric distribution networks","volume":"38","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"INFORMS J Comput"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B19","author":"Moring"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B20","article-title":"Cost-effective planning of decarbonized power-gas infrastructure to meet the challenges of heating electrification","volume":"2","author":"Khorramfar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Sustain"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5726","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2022.3223842","article-title":"Can locational disparity of prosumer energy optimization due to inverter rules be limited?","volume":"38","author":"Hashmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2119890119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2119890119","article-title":"Infrastructure inequality is a characteristic of urbanization","volume":"119","author":"Pandey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B23","author":"Li"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.08.031","article-title":"A simulation-based optimization method for cost-optimal analysis of nearly zero energy buildings","volume":"84","author":"Ferrara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2004.10.003","article-title":"Energy savings in retrofitted dwellings: economically viable?","volume":"37","author":"Verbeeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.06.029","article-title":"Energy consumption, indoor thermal comfort and air quality in a commercial office with retrofitted heat, ventilation and air conditioning (hvac) system","volume":"201","author":"Che","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2011.00719.x","article-title":"Benefits and costs of improved IEQ in US offices","volume":"21","author":"Fisk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B28","first-page":"66","article-title":"Proposal for prioritizing the retrofitting of residential buildings in energy poverty circumstances","volume":"24","author":"Perez-Bezos","year":"2020","journal-title":"RTU Zinatniskie Raksti"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5334\/bc.13","article-title":"Retrofit poverty: socioeconomic spatial disparities in retrofit subsidies uptake","volume":"1","author":"Willand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Buildings Cities"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.3390\/en17184641","article-title":"A review of data-driven methods in building retrofit and performance optimization: from the perspective of carbon emission reductions","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energies (Basel)"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B31","author":"Jafari"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B32","author":"Kishore"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2215688121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2215688121","article-title":"Equity and modeling in sustainability science: examples and opportunities throughout the process","volume":"121","author":"Giang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-022018-024704","article-title":"Measuring fairness, inequality, and big data: social choice since arrow","volume":"22","author":"Patty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Polit Sci"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2418711121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2418711121","article-title":"Funding rules that promote equity in climate adaptation outcomes","volume":"122","author":"Pollack","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2025.104102","article-title":"Fair shares or smart savings? Exploring business models, justice and efficiency trade-offs in portuguese energy communities","volume":"125","author":"Santos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Res Soc Sci"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B37","author":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B38","author":"Adiga","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01914-1","article-title":"High resolution synthetic residential energy use profiles for the United States","volume":"10","author":"Thorve","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s11081-024-09946-9","article-title":"A parametric, second-order cone representable model of fairness for decision-making problems","volume":"26","author":"Sundar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Optim Eng"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Bhadoriya","year":"2025","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2510.23791"},{"key":"2026052213582670800_pgag162-B42","unstructured":"Kishore A . 2025. 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Accessed: [2025 Oct 20]."}],"container-title":["PNAS Nexus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag162\/68272034\/pgag162.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/5\/5\/pgag162\/68272034\/pgag162.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/5\/5\/pgag162\/68272034\/pgag162.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T17:58:35Z","timestamp":1779472715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag162\/8676348"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Derek","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag162","relation":{},"ISSN":["2752-6542"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2752-6542","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"article-number":"pgag162"}}