{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T13:19:14Z","timestamp":1783430354976,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007807","name":"The Japan Science Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) are synthesized primarily by algae, such as diatoms and cryptophytes, in aquatic ecosystems. Although LC-PUFA flux has commonly been considered unidirectional from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems, recent evidence suggests a potential reciprocal flow of EPA from terrestrial to aquatic systems via amphibious insects and terrestrial arthropods. Here, we report the possibility that nematomorph parasites drive the flow of EPA from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems by inducing EPA-bearing terrestrial hosts to jump into streams. Individuals of camel crickets, a major host of the nematomorphs, had \u223c4\u201317 times higher EPA mass than those of known aquatic invertebrates. An endangered charr population acquired more EPA from the camel crickets than from aquatic invertebrates in late summer through autumn, when the nematomorphs manipulated their hosts, in a temperate stream. Our results suggest that host manipulation by parasites potentially drives essential organic nutrient flow, with particular emphasis on the need to recognize reciprocal PUFA flow between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T13:01:32Z","timestamp":1783429292000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nematomorph parasites potentially drive nutritional flow from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-6515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayano","family":"Medo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University , Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4660-9669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University , Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"KYOUSEI Science Center for Life and Nature, Nara Women's University , Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp6198","article-title":"Consumer biodiversity increases organic nutrient availability across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"386","author":"Shipley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13771","article-title":"The evolutionary ecology of fatty-acid variation: implications for consumer adaptation and diversification","volume":"24","author":"Twining","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2019.00269","article-title":"Essential biomolecules in food webs","volume":"7","author":"Ruess","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.13017","article-title":"The importance of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as high-quality food in freshwater ecosystems with implications of global change","volume":"99","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb 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fish, Thymallus baicalensis, realize their potential for accumulating large content of omega-3 PUFAs in muscle tissue","volume":"38","author":"Makhutova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Webs"},{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.2307\/3682","article-title":"The estimation of daily rates of food consumption for fish","volume":"47","author":"Elliott","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.1.166","article-title":"Reciprocal subsidies: dynamic interdependence between terrestrial and aquatic food webs","volume":"98","author":"Nakano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-007-9112-3","article-title":"Global diversity of hairworms (Nematomorpha: Gordiaceae) in freshwater","volume":"595","author":"Poinar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B12","first-page":"20191827","article-title":"A molecular war: convergent and ontogenetic evidence for adaptive host manipulation in related parasites infecting divergent hosts","volume":"286","author":"Herbison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06970","article-title":"Ecosystem energetic implications of parasite and free-living biomass in three estuaries","volume":"454","author":"Kuris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2019.02.010","article-title":"Host manipulation by parasites as a cryptic driver of energy flow through food webs","volume":"33","author":"Sato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12967","article-title":"Impact of nitrogen deposition on forest and lake food webs in nitrogen-limited environments","volume":"22","author":"Meunier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13377","article-title":"Pulsed seaweed subsidies drive sequential shifts in the effects of lizard predators on island food webs","volume":"22","author":"Piovia-Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"2026070709012918400_pgag201-B17","unstructured":"Medo A, Sato T. Data archive for: Nematomorph parasites potentially drive nutritional flow from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems [Data set]. Zenodo; 2025. 10.5281\/zenodo.15003385"}],"container-title":["PNAS Nexus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/5\/7\/pgag201\/68690524\/pgag201.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/5\/7\/pgag201\/68690524\/pgag201.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T13:01:41Z","timestamp":1783429301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag201\/8724045"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jiahua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag201","relation":{},"ISSN":["2752-6542"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2752-6542","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"article-number":"pgag201"}}