{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:22:43Z","timestamp":1788268963624,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korean government","award":["RS-2023-00219517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00219517"]}]},{"name":"Korean government","award":["RS-2024-00339845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00339845"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The persistent threat of influenza pandemics and seasonal outbreaks, coupled with rising resistance to existing antiviral drugs targeting influenza viruses, necessitates the development of new therapeutics. This study investigated the antiviral potential of cell-penetrating peptide\u2013conjugated host nucleolin (NCL)-binding peptide drugs, AGM-380d (dimeric) and AGM-380t (tetrameric), as innovative, broad-spectrum host-directed anti-influenza therapies. Infection with both influenza A and B viruses (IAVs and IBVs) significantly increased NCL expression and colocalization with viral nucleoprotein (NP), a core component of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes, in both in vitro and in vivo settings. The peptide drugs rapidly localized to the nucleolus and specifically bound to NCL. This targeted binding successfully disrupted the interaction between NCL and the NP of IAV and IBV, effectively blocking nuclear NP trafficking and inhibiting the replication of both pandemic and seasonal strains. Importantly, AGM-380d and AGM-380t protected mice from lethal IAV challenge by markedly reducing lung viral replication and pathology. The combination of AGM-380t with oseltamivir resulted in 100% protection from mortality following the deadly IAV challenge. In conclusion, AGM-380d and AGM-380t are highly promising as novel, broad-spectrum host-directed antivirals for the management of seasonal and pandemic influenza.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:02:02Z","timestamp":1788267722000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Host nucleolin-targeting unique peptide drugs as potent broad-spectrum anti-influenza therapies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5322-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thu Ha","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Directed Antiviral Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8500-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Directed Antiviral Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeong-Bin","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Directed Antiviral Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4110-3703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University , Assiut 71526 ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Jun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Directed Antiviral Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Hun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Directed Antiviral Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9243-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ragab","family":"Farouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Directed Antiviral Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaimaa","family":"Aboelmagd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Directed Antiviral Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Ha","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pilot Plant, HLB PEP, Gwangju Technopark , Gwangju 61008 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyeong Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pilot Plant, HLB PEP, Gwangju Technopark , Gwangju 61008 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woonsung","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul 03080 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6251-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Don-Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Directed Antiviral Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience, and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4401-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Sun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Directed Antiviral Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Ju","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Directed Antiviral Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 ,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"Pilot Plant, HLB PEP, Gwangju Technopark , Gwangju 61008 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5477-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoung-Oh","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Directed Antiviral Research Center, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 61186 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B1","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00603-0","article-title":"The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness","volume":"53","author":"Harrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.09.017","article-title":"RNA replication errors and the evolution of virus pathogenicity and virulence","volume":"9","author":"Novella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020059","article-title":"Structural and functional basis of the fidelity of nucleotide selection by Flavivirus RNA-dependent-RNA polymerases","volume":"10","author":"Selisko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.1955410","article-title":"Enzymatic and nonenzymatic functions of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases within oligomeric arrays","volume":"16","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01282-0","article-title":"Developing therapeutic approaches for twenty-first-century emerging infectious viral diseases","volume":"27","author":"Meganck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0310-239","article-title":"Cellular targets for influenza drugs","volume":"28","author":"Min","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.17071","article-title":"Progress of small molecular inhibitors in the development of anti-influenza virus agents","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07849-4","article-title":"Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle","volume":"634","author":"Caserta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005225","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00052-25","article-title":"Pandemic risk stemming from the bovine H5N1 outbreak: an account of the knowns and unknowns","volume":"99","author":"Lowen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08054-z","article-title":"The global H5N1 influenza panzootic in mammals","volume":"637","author":"Peacock","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48475-y","article-title":"Risk assessment of a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus from mink","volume":"15","author":"Restori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100058","article-title":"Host directed therapies: COVID-19 and beyond","volume":"2","author":"Tripathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.07.025","article-title":"New perspectives of physiological and pathological functions of nucleolin (NCL)","volume":"186","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.06.018","article-title":"Nucleolin-based targeting strategies for cancer therapy: from targeted drug delivery to cytotoxic ligands","volume":"24","author":"Romano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8146","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.15.8146-8158.2004","article-title":"Role of nucleolin in human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection of human lung epithelial cells","volume":"78","author":"Bose","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4527","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03498-14","article-title":"Cell surface nucleolin facilitates enterovirus 71 binding and infection","volume":"89","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2444","article-title":"Identification of nucleolin as a cellular receptor for the human respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"17","author":"Tayyari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23248","article-title":"Characterization of putative Japanese encephalitis virus receptor molecules on microglial cells","volume":"84","author":"Thongtan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10107383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007383","article-title":"Nucleolin mediates the internalization of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus through clathrin-dependent endocytosis","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3332-3340.2006","article-title":"Effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B-nucleolin interaction on HCV replication with HCV subgenomic replicon","volume":"80","author":"Shimakami","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01510-09","article-title":"Nucleolin associates with the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase accessory subunit UL44 and is necessary for efficient viral replication","volume":"84","author":"Strang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13094","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00704-13","article-title":"Nucleolin interacts with the dengue virus capsid protein and plays a role in formation of infectious virus particles","volume":"87","author":"Balinsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02007-09","article-title":"Nucleolin is required for efficient nuclear egress of herpes simplex virus type 1 nucleocapsids","volume":"84","author":"Sagou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29006","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29006","article-title":"Nucleolin interacts with influenza A nucleoprotein and contributes to viral ribonucleoprotein complexes nuclear trafficking and efficient influenza viral replication","volume":"6","author":"Terrier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03496.x","article-title":"Nucleolin and the packaging signal, psi, promote the budding of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)","volume":"48","author":"Ueno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1086\/379249","article-title":"Specific changes in the posttranslational regulation of nucleolin in lymphocytes from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"188","author":"Galati","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2023.105550","article-title":"Nucleolin mediates SARS-CoV-2 replication and viral-induced apoptosis of host cells","volume":"211","author":"Merino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P22","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-7-S1-P22","article-title":"Nucleolin relocalization associated with pre-lethal alterations of T cell morphology: redefining cell death in HIV infection","volume":"7","author":"Visalli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18087-2","article-title":"Non-structural protein 1 of H3N2 influenza A virus induces nucleolar stress via interaction with nucleolin","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-018-0416-6","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus prolifically infects N2a neuronal cells, leading to TLR4 and nucleolin protein modulations and RSV F protein co-localization with RLR4 and nucleolin","volume":"25","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0164146","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164146","article-title":"Interaction of host nucleolin with influenza A virus nucleoprotein in the early phase of infection limits the late viral gene expression","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9153","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.43502","article-title":"A novel nucleolin-binding peptide for cancer theranostics","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03315-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03315-21","article-title":"Migration of influenza virus nucleoprotein into the nucleolus is essential for ribonucleoprotein complex formation","volume":"13","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11219","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01424-10","article-title":"Oseltamivir-resistant variants of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus are not attenuated in the Guinea pig and ferret transmission models","volume":"84","author":"Seibert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.11.012","article-title":"Efficacy of clarithromycin-naproxen-oseltamivir combination in the treatment of patients hospitalized for influenza A(H3N2) infection: an open-label randomized, controlled, phase IIb\/III trial","volume":"151","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31042-4","article-title":"Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized, phase 2 trial","volume":"395","author":"Hung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20587384211002621","article-title":"A review: mechanism of action of antiviral drugs","volume":"35","author":"Kausar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0995","article-title":"Accelerating clinical evaluation of repurposed combination therapies for COVID-19","volume":"103","author":"Rayner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0333122","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03331-22","article-title":"Combinations of host- and virus-targeting antiviral drugs confer synergistic suppression of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"10","author":"Wagoner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70821-7","article-title":"Antiviral combinations for severe influenza","volume":"14","author":"Dunning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.12.011","article-title":"Membrane mechanics in living cells","volume":"48","author":"Groves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Cell."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00697","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptides in diagnosis and treatment of human diseases: from preclinical research to clinical application","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.162","article-title":"Host-directed therapies for bacterial and viral infections","volume":"17","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00168-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00168-19","article-title":"Host-directed antiviral therapy","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3773(19981102)37:20<2754::AID-ANIE2754>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Polyvalent interactions in biological systems: implications for design and use of multivalent ligands and inhibitors","volume":"37","author":"Mammen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Eng"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.04.008","article-title":"Hemagglutinin of influenza A virus binds specifically to cell surface nucleolin and plays a role in virus internalization","volume":"494","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01223-4","article-title":"Therapeutic strategy targeting host lipolysis limits infection by SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus","volume":"7","author":"Baek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1743","article-title":"Increasing the dynamic range of in situ PLA","volume":"8","author":"Clausson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006820","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006820","article-title":"Activation of PI3K, Akt, and ERK during early rotavirus infection leads to V-ATPase-dependent endosomal acidification required for uncoating","volume":"14","author":"Soliman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01773-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01773-18","article-title":"Early porcine sapovirus infection disrupts tight junctions and uses occludin as a coreceptor","volume":"93","author":"Alfajaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.02.027","article-title":"The lipid mediator protectin D1 inhibits influenza virus replication and improves severe influenza","volume":"153","author":"Morita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2342-5","article-title":"Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamsters","volume":"583","author":"Sia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090109015461600_pgag269-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01556.x","article-title":"Influenza A virus-induced early activation of ERK and PI3K mediates V-ATPase-dependent intracellular pH change required for fusion","volume":"13","author":"Marjuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."}],"container-title":["PNAS Nexus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/5\/9\/pgag269\/70834659\/pgag269.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article-pdf\/5\/9\/pgag269\/70834659\/pgag269.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:02:09Z","timestamp":1788267729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag269\/8773045"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Martinez-Sobrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag269","relation":{},"ISSN":["2752-6542"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2752-6542","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"article-number":"pgag269"}}