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Classroom peer ecologies describe the social structure in which individual relationships are situated and which form the context for student learning and development within these classrooms. Yet, research has only begun to explore how these global social network structures are related to classroom-level outcomes. Using a large-scale dataset of 35,038 students in 1,433 classrooms, we extracted 314 social network metrics from four different network types (i.e. friendship, rejection, help, and break-time contacts) and applied machine learning to predict various classroom-level outcomes, including academic achievement, motivation, and social integration. Classroom networks predicted both academic achievement (up to 2% of variance) and well-being (up to 18% of variance), beyond school tracks, socioeconomic status, and demographic factors. However, they did not significantly improve predictions for other characteristics of the teaching and learning environment\u2014such as instructional methods and motivational characteristics. The predictive power for different outcomes was highly dependent upon the type of network and categories of network metrics. These insights position social networks as a powerful tool for understanding aspects of educational environments and for informing network-based interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:02:37Z","timestamp":1787738557000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The global structure of classroom social networks predicts academic and psychosocial adjustment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3024-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Neuendorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Education Science, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1567-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilbert S. Omenn Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Computational Social Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501 Hyogo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kou","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72074 T\u00fcbingen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, 782-8502 Kami ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102712065191200_pgag291-B1","first-page":"1643","volume-title":"The International Encyclopedia of Education","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026102712065191200_pgag291-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2011.02.004","article-title":"Teaching practices and elementary classroom peer ecologies","volume":"32","author":"Gest","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Dev Psychol"},{"key":"2026102712065191200_pgag291-B3","volume-title":"The moral judgement of the child","author":"Piaget","year":"1932"},{"key":"2026102712065191200_pgag291-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.3.458","article-title":"Where is the Child's environment? 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