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Yet most bias-reduction strategies require conditions that threat itself undermines, including direct engagement with outgroups. We propose a conditional threat-regulation model that specifies when and for whom threat-induced cognitive rigidity can be regulated in the face of threat. Across three experiments conducted during real societal crises in Israel, Hong Kong SAR, and the United States, we test whether deliberative processing of ongoing threat can enable integrative complexity and thereby reduce intergroup bias toward groups associated with the threat. Two exploratory studies conducted during armed conflict and societal unrest varied writing topic (threat vs. nonthreat) while holding depth of processing constant; deliberative processing of the ongoing threat increased integrative complexity conditionally and in turn was associated with reduced intergroup bias. A preregistered experiment conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic crossed writing topic with depth of processing (deliberative vs. intuitive) to isolate the role of deliberation, and demonstrated that deliberative processing of ongoing threat enabled greater integrative complexity and reduced intergroup bias. Across studies, these effects were conditional on individuals\u2019 cognitive preparedness, indexed by multicultural experience, with benefits concentrated among individuals able to translate deliberation into integratively complex reasoning. Integrative complexity served as a structural signature of regulated cognition under threat, mediating the relationship between deliberative processing and intergroup judgment. Together, the findings indicate that regulation of threat-induced cognitive rigidity is possible but conditional on both situational prompts and individual cognitive readiness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:32:37Z","timestamp":1788258757000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A conditional threat-regulation model: When deliberative processing of ongoing threat reduces intergroup bias"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8569-3827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmit T","family":"Tadmor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv ,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3980-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melody M","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong SAR ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3172-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-yi","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4736-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrance Y","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091506061015900_pgag295-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1177\/00302228221092583","article-title":"Big data analysis of terror management theory's predictions in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"89","author":"Chew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Omega (Westport)"},{"key":"2026091506061015900_pgag295-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167208331093","article-title":"Vulnerability and vigilance: threat awareness and perceived adversary intent moderate the impact of mortality salience on intergroup violence","volume":"35","author":"Hirschberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2026091506061015900_pgag295-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033052","article-title":"Destined to die but not to wage war: how existential threat can contribute to escalation or de-escalation of violent intergroup conflict","volume":"68","author":"Jonas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2026091506061015900_pgag295-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.80.3.472","article-title":"Compensatory conviction in the face of personal uncertainty: going to extremes and being oneself","volume":"80","author":"McGregor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026091506061015900_pgag295-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12121","article-title":"Unfreezing cognitions during an intractable conflict: does an external incentive for negotiating peace and (low levels of) collective angst increase information seeking?","volume":"55","author":"Wohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026091506061015900_pgag295-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1996.0012","article-title":"Motivated social cognition: need for closure effects on memory and judgment","volume":"32","author":"Dijksterhuis","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026091506061015900_pgag295-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.87.6.750","article-title":"Understanding responses to political conflict: interactive effects of the need for closure and salient conflict schemas","volume":"87","author":"Golec","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026091506061015900_pgag295-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2025.104816","article-title":"Why do some people refuse to compromise their positions on politicized practices? 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