{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:04:56Z","timestamp":1790708696923,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#24K16786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#24K16786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#23K22344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#23K22344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#25K00865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#25K00865"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The longstanding dominance of values rooted in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies has increasingly come under scrutiny across the social sciences. This has renewed interest in how value systems cultivated in less-WEIRD contexts are articulated and widely received by WEIRD audiences. Recent advances in natural language processing make it possible to examine how such values are articulated in classical texts, using psychologically grounded analytical frameworks. The present study focuses on Bushido: The Soul of Japan, a widely read classic written by Inazo Nitobe to introduce Japanese ethical ideals to Western audiences. Using contextualized construct representation (CCR), a theory-driven computational approach to psychological text analysis, we examined how moral concerns are structured and expressed in Bushido relative to other texts related to Japanese culture, Christianity, and the Bible. Results showed that Bushido exhibits a distinct and structured moral profile that corresponds to psychologically defined moral dimensions. Moreover, among the Japanese culture-related texts, greater similarity to Bushido in moral profile was associated with broader reception in Western contexts, as indexed by independent indicators of publication, translation, and scholarly attention. Analyses of virtue-level structure further identified Meiyo (\u540d\u8a89; honor) as the conceptual core of Bushido's moral framework, a form of honor distinct from Western pride-based conceptions. Together, these findings suggest that Bushido conveys moral values rooted in Japanese cultural traditions in forms that are psychologically intelligible to Western readers, illustrating how less-WEIRD cultural values can be communicated across cultural boundaries without losing their distinctive meaning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgag314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T07:26:50Z","timestamp":1789630010000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The seven virtues of\n                    <i>Samurai<\/i>\n                    : Revisiting a classic through computational language analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1077-2322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryota","family":"Takano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1018-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minoru","family":"Karasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Value Creation, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University Education and Research Center for , Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092914184639100_pgag314-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054519","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1054519","article-title":"Accelerating the science and practice of psychology beyond WEIRD biases: enriching the landscape through Asian psychology","volume":"13","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"2026092914184639100_pgag314-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000622","article-title":"The neglected 95% revisited: is American psychology becoming less American?","volume":"76","author":"Thalmayer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Psychol."},{"key":"2026092914184639100_pgag314-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/10463283.2025.2500839","article-title":"Morality across time and space","author":"Atari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Rev Soc Psychol."},{"key":"2026092914184639100_pgag314-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522070113","article-title":"Small-scale societies exhibit fundamental variation in the role of intentions in moral judgment","volume":"113","author":"Barrett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026092914184639100_pgag314-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0999152X","article-title":"The weirdest people in the world?","volume":"33","author":"Henrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci."},{"key":"2026092914184639100_pgag314-B6","volume-title":"The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order","author":"Huntington","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026092914184639100_pgag314-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-023-00161-4","article-title":"The psychological causes and societal consequences of authoritarianism","volume":"2","author":"Osborne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Psychol."},{"key":"2026092914184639100_pgag314-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-041719-102503","article-title":"The causes of populism in the west","volume":"24","author":"Berman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. 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