{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T12:54:54Z","timestamp":1783947294530,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Domestic violence is a commonplace and serious societal problem with vast public health and economic consequences. Childhood exposure to domestic violence can blight children\u2019s biological and social development. Often, local police departments are first responders to domestic violence. This is because danger is associated with these events, which requires police presence. Yet, children are often unseen victims of domestic violence. In general, law enforcement agencies (i) are ill-equipped to identify the risks experienced by children; (ii) struggle to find alternative outcomes for children at risk other than removal or criminalization; (iii) do not use scientifically informed assessment tools which might improve their interactions with children; and (iv) inconsistently share data with other agencies in a timely manner. Moreover, gaps in criminal legal, child welfare, and family court responses to violence in the family create circumstances where children may fall through the cracks. Positive interventions in relation to domestic violence and children who suffer as a result of it should be viewed as a public priority. Improving responses to these issues should be reframed as (i) a way to reduce the amount of future violent crimes committed, and (ii) reduce the resource burden felt by public services. This commentary discusses the scope and scale of children\u2019s exposure to domestic violence and child maltreatment and discusses international best practices that can serve as models to improve law enforcement\u2019s response to children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/police\/paae022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T10:39:03Z","timestamp":1712399943000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Children betrayed: The unseen victims of domestic violence and how law enforcement can better protect them"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2260-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saul","family":"Glick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Law, Brain and Behavior ( Cambridge, MA , USA )"},{"name":"Harvard Law School, The Petrie-Flom Center ( Cambridge, MA , USA )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3192-7293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn J","family":"Spearman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing Kathryn J. Spearman, MSN, RN, PhD candidate, ( Baltimore, MD , USA )"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0001","author":"Administration for Children and Families","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0003","article-title":"\u2018Deterrence or Backlash? Arrests and the Dynamics of Domestic Violence.\u2019 IZA Discussion Paper No. 15856, Available at","volume-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal","author":"Amaral","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.12.4.578","article-title":"\u2018The Co-Occurrence of Spouse and Physical Child Abuse: A Review and Appraisal.\u2019","volume":"12","author":"Appel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0005","author":"Associates, ABT","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0006","first-page":"2455","article-title":"\u2018Domestic Violence Calls for Police Service in Five US Cities During the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020.\u2019","volume-title":"BMC Public Health","author":"Babalola","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0007","first-page":"223","article-title":"\u2018Economics of Foster Care.\u2019","volume-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives","author":"Bald","year":"2022"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e517","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30145-8","article-title":"Life course health consequences and associated annual costs of adverse childhood experiences across Europe and North America: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Bellis","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0008","author":"Bethell","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0009","article-title":"\u2018Criminal Charges, Risk Assessment, and Violent Recidivism in Cases of Domestic Abuse.\u2019 University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper No. 2023-11, Available at","volume-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal","author":"Black","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-015-9721-3","article-title":"The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to PTSD, depression, poly-drug use and suicide attempt in reservation-based Native American adolescents and young adults","volume":"55","author":"Brockie","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.11.010","article-title":"\u2018The Co-occurrence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Children Investigated for Child Maltreatment: A Latent Class Analysis.\u2019","volume":"87","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0011","author":"Bruel","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.7.1089","article-title":"Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: Results from a multisite case control study","volume":"93","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508317180","article-title":"\u2018The Danger Assessment: Validation of a Lethality Risk Assessment Instrument for Intimate Partner Femicide.\u2019","volume":"24","author":"Campbell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0013","author":"Catalano","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0014","first-page":"155","article-title":"\u2018The Utility of Male Domestic Violence Offender Typologies.\u2019","volume-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0016","author":"Child Welfare Information Gateway","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0017","author":"Child Welfare Information Gateway","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0085","article-title":"Risk-Led Policing of Domestic Abuse and the DASH Risk Model","author":"College of Policing","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12755","article-title":"\u2018Factors Associated with the Decision to Investigate Child Protective Services Referrals: A Systematic Review.\u2019","volume":"25","author":"Damman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child & Family Social Work"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0019","author":"Department for Education (UK)","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0020","first-page":"e000725","article-title":"\u2018American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Prevention Committee Review: Family Justice Centers\u2014A Not-so-Novel, But Unknown Gem.\u2019","volume-title":"Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open","author":"Duncan","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/107780129952003","article-title":"The Overlap Between Child Maltreatmentand Woman Battering","volume":"5","author":"Edleson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0021","first-page":"13","article-title":"\u2018Characteristics of the Front-Line Child Welfare Workforce.\u2019","volume-title":"Children and Youth Services Review","author":"Edwards","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0022","author":"Family Justice Center Alliance","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.10.006","article-title":"\u2018The Economic Burden of Child Maltreatment in the United States and Implications for Prevention.\u2019","volume":"36","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"\u2018Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study.\u2019","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104356","article-title":"\u2018It\u2019s Not \u201cJust Poverty\u201d: Educational, Social, and Economic Functioning Among Young Adults Exposed to Childhood Neglect, Abuse, and Poverty.\u2019","volume":"101","author":"Font","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764292035003005","article-title":"\u2018Poverty and Violence Toward Children.\u2019","volume":"35","author":"Gelles","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-020-00132-w","article-title":"The Long Shadow of Family Separation: a Structural and Historical Introduction to Mandated Reporting in the Domestic Violence Context","volume":"35","author":"Goodman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21724","article-title":"\u2018The Impact of Intimate Partner Violence and Additional Traumatic Events on Trauma Symptoms and PTSD in Preschool-Aged Children.\u2019","volume":"25","author":"Graham-Bermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0029","author":"Hamby","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0030","first-page":"411","article-title":"\u2018Predictive Properties of the Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA) in a Northern Canadian Prairie Sample.\u2019","volume-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior","author":"Hegel","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcr095","article-title":"\u2018The Three Planet Model: Towards an Understanding of Contradictions in Approaches to Women and Children\u2019s Safety in Contexts of Domestic Violence.\u2019","volume":"41","author":"Hester","year":"2011","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Work"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0032","author":"Hou","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0033","volume-title":"Domestic Violence","author":"Huecker","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0034","author":"Institute for Criminal Justice Training Reform","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0035","volume-title":"A Program Evaluation of Hope and Positive Youth Development","author":"Jackson-Stowe","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303545","article-title":"\u2018Lifetime Prevalence of Investigating Child Maltreatment Among US Children.\u2019","volume":"107","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0037","first-page":"1167","article-title":"\u2018Domestic Violence and Pathways Into Child Welfare Services: Findings from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being.\u2019","volume-title":"Children and Youth Services Review","author":"Kohl","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0038","author":"KPMG","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0039","author":"LaGrange Daily News","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0041","first-page":"850","article-title":"\u2018Contact Between Police and People with Mental Disorders: A Review of Rates.\u2019","volume-title":"Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.)","author":"Livingston","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0042","first-page":"2094","article-title":"\u2018Domestic Violence and Education: Examining the Impact of Domestic Violence on Young Children, Children, and Young People and the Potential Role of Schools.\u2019","volume-title":"Frontiers in Psychology","author":"Lloyd","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0043","first-page":"295","article-title":"\u2018The Challenge of Responding to People with Mental Illness: Police Officer Training and Special Programmes.\u2019","volume-title":"The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles","author":"Lurigio","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0044","first-page":"869","article-title":"\u2018The Predictive Impact of Domestic Violence on three Types of Child Maltreatment.\u2019","volume-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect","author":"McGuigan","year":"2001"},{"issue":"44","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6844e1","article-title":"\u2018Vital Signs: Estimated Proportion of Adult Health Problems Attributable to Adverse Childhood Experiences and Implications for Prevention\u201425 States, 2015\u20132017.\u2019","volume":"68","author":"Merrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1086\/683194","article-title":"\u2018The Oklahoma Lethality Assessment Study: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of the Lethality Assessment Program.\u2019","volume":"89","author":"Messing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Service Review"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0047","author":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0048","author":"Norfolk Family Justice Center","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/15379418.2013.796267","article-title":"\u2018Effectiveness of Risk Assessment Tools in Differentiating Child Homicides From Other Domestic Homicide Cases.\u2019","volume":"10","author":"Olszowy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Child Custody"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0050","author":"Office for National Statistics (ONS)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0051","author":"Operation Encompass","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0090","first-page":"1","article-title":"Child protective services workforce analysis and recommendations","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Texas Association for the Protection of Children"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0052","volume-title":"The Costs and Economic Impact of Violence Against Children","author":"Pereznieto","year":"2014"},{"issue":"28","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6628a1","article-title":"\u2018Racial and Ethnic Differences in Homicides of Adult Women and the Role of Intimate Partner Violence\u2014United States, 2003\u20132014.\u2019","volume":"66","author":"Petrosky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0055","author":"Police Executive Research Forum (PERF)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0056","first-page":"371","article-title":"\u2018The Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment: Predicting Violence Among Men With a Police Record of Intimate Partner Violence in the United States.\u2019","volume-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior","author":"Radatz","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-020-01857-4","article-title":"\u2018Risk Factors and Agency Involvement Associated with Children Present in Domestic Homicides.\u2019","volume":"30","author":"Reif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0058","first-page":"464","article-title":"\u2018The Co-occurrence of Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence: A Commentary on the Special Issue.\u2019","volume-title":"Child Maltreatment","author":"Renner","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0059","volume-title":"Torn Apart: How the Child Welfare System Destroys Black Families\u2014and How Abolition Can Build a Safer World","author":"Roberts","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/15379418.2016.1213114","article-title":"\u2018No Way to turn: Traps Encountered by Many Battered Women with Negative Child Custody Experiences.\u2019","volume":"13","author":"Saunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Child Custody"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0064","first-page":"101752","article-title":"\u2018Variation Across Police Response Models for Handling Encounters with People with Mental Illnesses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.\u2019","volume-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice","author":"Seo","year":"2021"},{"issue":"21","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.754","article-title":"\u2018Neuroscience, Molecular Biology, and the Childhood Roots of Health Disparities: Building a New Framework for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention.\u2019","volume":"301","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0066","first-page":"NP9811","article-title":"\u2018Prevalence and Social Inequality in Experiences of Domestic Abuse Among Mothers of Young Children: A Study Using National Survey Data from Scotland.\u2019","volume-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence","author":"Skafida","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0067","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u2018Post-separation Abuse: A Literature Review Connecting Tactics to Harm.\u2019","author":"Spearman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801218816191","article-title":"\u2018Coercive Control: Update and Review.\u2019","volume":"25","author":"Stark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0088","article-title":"Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences among US adults\u2014behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2011\u20132020","volume":"72","author":"Swedo","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.4879","article-title":"\u2018Intimate Partner Violence and Its Health Impact on Ethnic Minority Women.\u2019","volume":"24","author":"Stockman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0089","author":"U.K. Home Office","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0070","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children\u2019s Bureau","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0071","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children\u2019s Bureau","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0072","author":"U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0073","author":"U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0074","author":"U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Violence Against Women","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0075","volume-title":"Developing Predictive Models to Support Child Maltreatment Hotline Screening Decisions: Allegheny County Methodology and Implementation","author":"Vaithianathan","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0076","first-page":"15248380231179133","article-title":"\u2018Global Prevalence of Childhood Exposure to Physical Violence Within Domestic and Family Relationships in the General Population: A Systematic Review and Proportional Meta-Analysis.\u2019","author":"Whitten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0077","first-page":"e92785","article-title":"\u2018Cumulative Risks of Foster Care Placement by Age 18 for U.S. Children, 2000\u20132011.\u2019","volume-title":"PLOS ONE","author":"Wildeman","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.4940","article-title":"\u2018Trends in Homicide Rates for US Children Aged 0 to 17 Years, 1999 to 2020.\u2019","volume":"177","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0079","author":"World Bank","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0080","first-page":"198","article-title":"\u2018Incidence and Cost of Sexual Violence in Iowa.\u2019","volume-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine","author":"Yang","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024051610565340400_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305554","article-title":"\u2018Cumulative Prevalence of Confirmed Maltreatment and Foster Care Placement for US Children by Race\/Ethnicity, 2011\u20132016.\u2019","volume":"110","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"}],"container-title":["Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policing\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/police\/paae022\/57702502\/paae022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policing\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/police\/paae022\/57702502\/paae022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T10:57:34Z","timestamp":1715857054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policing\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/police\/paae022\/7641692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"references-count":82,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/police\/paae022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-4512","1752-4520"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-4512","type":"print"},{"value":"1752-4520","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"article-number":"paae022"}}