{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:44:00Z","timestamp":1787769840094,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Even among those who share the same partisan commitments, some people say they despise the opposing party while others report far less animosity. Why are some people more likely to express hostility toward the opposing political party? We explore how individual-level differences in feelings of self-confidence fuel out-party animosities. Drawing on responses to a module of the 2020 Cooperative Election Study, we show that higher levels of internal political efficacy are associated with greater affective polarization. Those who feel self-assured about their political abilities are more likely to admit severing social ties with those who disagree with them and are more tolerant of discrimination against partisan opponents. In a survey experiment, we confirm that those with greater internal efficacy are also more likely to accept discrimination against a member of the opposing party. Affective polarization is greatest among those who feel the most confident of their ability to influence politics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfad064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T13:10:21Z","timestamp":1710853821000},"page":"79-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Political Self-Confidence and Affective Polarization"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Carey E","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Data Analytics and Computational Social Science (DACSS) Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, MA, US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4742-7442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Political Science, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024041219071392200_nfad064-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2015.11.001","article-title":"The Rise of Negative Partisanship and the Nationalization of U.S. Elections in the 21st Century","volume":"41","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electoral Studies"},{"key":"2024041219071392200_nfad064-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2307\/1963728","article-title":"The Decline of Electoral Participation in America","volume":"76","author":"Abramson","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"2024041219071392200_nfad064-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.2307\/2130807","article-title":"A New Model for Old Measures: A Covariance Structure Analysis of Political Efficacy","volume":"47","author":"Acock","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Journal of Politics"},{"key":"2024041219071392200_nfad064-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400874569","volume-title":"The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations","author":"Almond","year":"1963"},{"key":"2024041219071392200_nfad064-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108227643","volume-title":"Taming Intuition: How Reflection Minimizes Partisan Reasoning and Promotes Democratic Accountability","author":"Arceneaux","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024041219071392200_nfad064-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X211013463","article-title":"Why Some Blame Politics for Their Personal Problems","volume":"49","author":"Baird","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Politics Research"},{"key":"2024041219071392200_nfad064-B7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple Indicators in Survey Research: The Concept \u2018Sense of Political Efficacy\u2019","volume":"1","author":"Balch","year":"1974","journal-title":"Political Methodology"},{"key":"2024041219071392200_nfad064-B8","volume-title":"Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control","author":"Bandura","year":"1997"},{"key":"2024041219071392200_nfad064-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X9702500205","article-title":"Knowledge of Politics and Sense of Subjective Political Competence: The Ambiguous Connection","volume":"25","author":"Bennett","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Politics Quarterly"},{"key":"2024041219071392200_nfad064-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-016-9377-1","article-title":"The Correlates of Discord: Identity, Issue Alignment, and Political Hostility in Polarized America","volume":"39","author":"Bougher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Political Behavior"},{"key":"2024041219071392200_nfad064-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12719","article-title":"Does Affective Polarization Undermine Democratic Norms or Accountability? 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