{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:33:54Z","timestamp":1790134434816,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":79,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Political polarization in America has intensified beyond mere disagreement to what scholars characterize as sectarianism\u2014a condition where partisan identity fundamentally shapes moral judgments. A key marker of sectarianism is asymmetric moral standards for violence, where aggression against political opponents is considered more justified than identical violence targeting one\u2019s own group. Using a survey experiment featuring a realistic political rally scenario, we find compelling evidence in support of such sectarianism: partisan bias in the US extends to evaluations of political violence. By manipulating the partisan affiliations of perpetrators and targets, as well as provocation severity, we find that both Democrats and Republicans exhibit substantial and symmetrical partisan bias. This double standard is particularly pronounced among strong partisans, who are nearly three times more likely to justify violence against the opposition than violence targeting their own party. These results extend sectarianism theory beyond policy preferences to physical violence, suggesting that partisan identity now functions as a powerful perceptual filter that can legitimize political aggression when directed at opponents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfag010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T10:22:33Z","timestamp":1774088553000},"page":"758-777","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mind the Gap: Partisan Bias in Justifying Political Violence in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5611-3512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars Erik","family":"Berntzen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Government, University of Bergen , Bergen,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2725-0547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelius","family":"Cappelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen , Bergen,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0305-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilliana","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Political Science, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD,","place":["US"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6904-0260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tor","family":"Midtb\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen , 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