{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T03:53:31Z","timestamp":1776484411385,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1176","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hypertension (HT) remains the leading cause of cardiovascular and premature death around the world. Diet is one of the important factors that contributes to the development of HT. We review the current evidence of how different dietary factors may influence blood pressure (BP) and consequent development of HT. There is evidence that BP is positively associated with higher consumption of sodium, alcohol, animal-based protein such as red meat, low-quality carbohydrates such as sugar-sweetened beverages, and saturated fatty acids. On the contrary, other dietary constituents have BP-lowering effects. These include potassium, calcium, magnesium, yogurt, eggs, plant-based proteins such as soy and legumes, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and high-quality carbohydrates such as whole grain and fruits. Dietary fibre is unrelated to BP lowering, possibly due to the different mechanisms of various types of fibre. The effects of caffeine, hibiscus tea, pomegranate, and sesame on BP are also unclear as evidence is hard to assess due to the varying concentrations and different types of drinks used in studies. Implementing dietary changes such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH diet) or adopting a Mediterranean diet has been shown to reduce and control BP. Although the effect of diet on BP control has been established, the optimal amount of each dietary component and consequent ability to devise a personalized diet for HT prevention and BP control for different populations still require further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgad021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T01:36:45Z","timestamp":1686015405000},"page":"1058-1067","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dietary modification for prevention and control of high blood pressure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Yiu-Hei","family":"Tse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine , Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, , Hong Kong , China"},{"name":"The University of Hong Kong , Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Choi-Yee","family":"Tuet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine , Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, , Hong Kong , China"},{"name":"The University of Hong Kong , Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kui-Kai","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine , Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, , Hong Kong , China"},{"name":"The University of Hong Kong , Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, , Hong Kong , China"},{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hung-Fat","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine , Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, , Hong Kong , China"},{"name":"The University of Hong Kong , Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, , Hong Kong , China"},{"name":"Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology , Hong Kong , China"},{"name":"Cardiac and Vascular Center, The University of Hong Kong\u2013Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen 518053 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0244-2","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19043","article-title":"Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990-2015","volume":"317","author":"Forouzanfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912","article-title":"Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries","volume":"134","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313220","article-title":"Adherence in hypertension: a review of prevalence, risk factors, impact, and management","volume":"124","author":"Burnier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2015.04.006","article-title":"Reducing cardiovascular mortality through prevention and management of raised blood pressure: a World Heart Federation roadmap","volume":"10","author":"Adler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31134-5","article-title":"A call to action and a lifecourse strategy to address the global burden of raised blood pressure on current and future generations: the Lancet Commission on hypertension","volume":"388","author":"Olsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199816040-00001","article-title":"Hypertension: genes and environment","volume":"16","author":"Hamet","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.146803","article-title":"A Mediterranean diet lowers blood pressure and improves endothelial function: results from the MedLey randomized intervention trial","volume":"105","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.123281","article-title":"Comparison of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and a higher-fat DASH diet on blood pressure and lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"103","author":"Chiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704173361601","article-title":"A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure","volume":"336","author":"Appel","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.10.011","article-title":"Effects of sodium reduction and the DASH diet in relation to baseline blood pressure","volume":"70","author":"Juraschek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101043440101","article-title":"Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet","volume":"344","author":"Sacks","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-021-00474-6","article-title":"Dietary intervention to improve blood pressure control: beyond salt restriction","volume":"28","author":"Cicero","year":"2021","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref14","first-page":"CD013501","article-title":"Vegan dietary pattern for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"2","author":"Rees","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.19.2455","article-title":"Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial","volume":"294","author":"Appel","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws245","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"176","author":"Rebholz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.009159","article-title":"Effect of dietary protein supplementation on blood pressure: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.009654","article-title":"Plant protein and animal proteins: do they differentially affect cardiovascular disease risk?","volume":"6","author":"Richter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.110901.145329","article-title":"Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis by dietary factors","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2011.0238","article-title":"Nutritional quality of legumes, and their role in cardiometabolic risk prevention: a review","volume":"16","author":"Bouchenak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.05.001","article-title":"Soy food intake associates with changes in the metabolome and reduced blood pressure in a gut microbiota dependent manner","volume":"30","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.1.79","article-title":"Association between protein intake and blood pressure: the INTERMAP study","volume":"166","author":"Elliott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2013.16","article-title":"Intake of total protein, plant protein and animal protein in relation to blood pressure: a meta-analysis of observational and intervention studies","volume":"27","author":"Tielemans","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18222","article-title":"Inverse association between variety of proteins with appropriate quantity from different food sources and new-onset hypertension","volume":"79","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2008.04899.x","article-title":"Protein, fibre and blood pressure: potential benefit of legumes","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2021.102692","article-title":"Soy intake is associated with lowering blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials","volume":"59","author":"Mosallanezhad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy092","article-title":"Food groups and risk of overweight, obesity, and weight gain: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"10","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15511","article-title":"Sympathetic overactivation in patients with essential hypertension and hepatic iron overload","volume":"76","author":"Seravalle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2021.1422","article-title":"Toxicity of advanced glycation end products (review)","volume":"14","author":"Kuzan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-018-0068-8","article-title":"Red meat, poultry, and egg consumption with the risk of hypertension: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001737","article-title":"Long-term yogurt consumption and risk of incident hypertension in adults","volume":"36","author":"Buendia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109400","article-title":"Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk","volume":"368","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101398","article-title":"Implication of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in disease: potential biomarker or new therapeutic target","volume":"10","author":"Janeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5195","DOI":"10.34119\/bjhrv4n2-094","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant potential on fermented dairy beverages prepared with Lactobacillus acidophilus: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Antunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz J Health Rev"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.017178","article-title":"Food groups and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"8","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035225","article-title":"Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of red meat consumption in comparison with various comparison diets on cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"139","author":"Guasch-Ferr\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-1029-5","article-title":"Effect of egg consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"22","author":"Kolahdouz-Mohammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-01080-y","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotics in patients of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Dixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e419","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30135-X","article-title":"Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Seidelmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref40","first-page":"25","article-title":"Insulin and the sympathetic nervous system in the pathophysiology of hypertension","volume":"1","author":"Landsberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood Press Suppl"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02301.x","article-title":"Cortisol and hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Kelly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.16997","article-title":"Carbohydrates and hypertension: the quality counts","volume":"78","author":"Savoia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6052088","article-title":"Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome in adolescents","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118235","article-title":"High fructose intake and the route towards cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"259","author":"Lelis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.1.11","article-title":"Long-term effects of ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Poppitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref46","first-page":"R1320","article-title":"Effects of chronic lard feeding on sympathetic nervous system activity in the rat","volume":"267","author":"Young","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.0607t.x","article-title":"Cholesterol-independent endothelial dysfunction in virgin and pregnant rats fed a diet high in saturated fat","volume":"517","author":"Gerber","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.1.1","article-title":"Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms","volume":"52","author":"Kinsella","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51846.x","article-title":"Dietary fats and hypertension. Focus on fish oil","volume":"827","author":"Howe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283604016","article-title":"Relationship of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids to blood pressure: the International Study of Macro\/Micronutrients and Blood Pressure","volume":"31","author":"Miura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020167","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020167","article-title":"Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women","volume":"8","author":"Khaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1159\/000334071","article-title":"Effects of monounsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-019-0918-y","article-title":"Dietary fat and blood pressure","volume":"21","author":"Nestel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-010510-103954","article-title":"The effect of nutrition on blood pressure","volume":"30","author":"Savica","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-014-1677-x","article-title":"Salt and sugar: their effects on blood pressure","volume":"467","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2030212","article-title":"Insights into salt handling and blood pressure","volume":"385","author":"Ellison","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R706","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00250.2017","article-title":"A new paradigm of sodium regulation in inflammation and hypertension","volume":"313","author":"Kirabo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-022-01182-9","article-title":"Sodium intake and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of observational cohort studies","volume":"24","author":"Filippini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f1325","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1325","article-title":"Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"346","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m315","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m315","article-title":"Effect of dose and duration of reduction in dietary sodium on blood pressure levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"368","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2009.08.003","article-title":"ASH Position Paper: dietary approaches to lower blood pressure","volume":"3","author":"Appel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368S","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003533","article-title":"Potassium and health","volume":"4","author":"Weaver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117100","article-title":"Urinary electrolyte excretion in 24 hours and blood pressure in the INTERSALT study. II. Estimates of electrolyte-blood pressure associations corrected for regression dilution bias","volume":"139","author":"Dyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001575","article-title":"Blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake: a metaregression analysis of randomised trials","volume":"17","author":"Geleijnse","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000611","article-title":"Daily potassium intake and sodium-to-potassium ratio in the reduction of blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"33","author":"Binia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.048","article-title":"The effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"230","author":"Filippini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015719","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015719","article-title":"Potassium intake and blood pressure: a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Filippini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13241","article-title":"Potassium-enriched salt substitutes as a means to lower blood pressure: benefits and risks","volume":"75","author":"Greer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105675","article-title":"Effect of salt substitution on cardiovascular events and death","volume":"385","author":"Neal","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378S","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003483","article-title":"Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health","volume":"4","author":"Volpe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-017-0247-4","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake, serum magnesium concentration and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010139","article-title":"Magnesium and hypertension in old age","volume":"13","author":"Dominguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-88","article-title":"Feasibility and antihypertensive effect of replacing regular salt with mineral salt -rich in magnesium and potassium- in subjects with mildly elevated blood pressure","volume":"10","author":"Sarkkinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13010","article-title":"Calcium supplementation and cardiovascular risk: a rising concern","volume":"19","author":"Tankeu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref75","first-page":"CD004639","article-title":"Calcium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults","author":"Dickinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.10.003","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140046","article-title":"Alcohol effects on cardiac function","volume":"5","author":"Gardner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i5.245","article-title":"Alcohol-induced hypertension: mechanism and prevention","volume":"6","author":"Husain","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2016.12.002","article-title":"The effects of dietary factors on blood pressure","volume":"35","author":"Appel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiol Clin"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-019-1007-y","article-title":"Food products that may cause an increase in blood pressure","volume":"22","author":"Adamczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.09.021","article-title":"Understanding the physics of functional fibers in the gastrointestinal tract: an evidence-based approach to resolving enduring misconceptions about insoluble and soluble fiber","volume":"117","author":"McRorie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665119000673","article-title":"Dietary fibre and cardiovascular health: a review of current evidence and policy","volume":"79","author":"Evans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.2.150","article-title":"Dietary fiber and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials","volume":"165","author":"Streppel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.09.007","article-title":"The effect of viscous soluble fiber on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00950B","article-title":"Dietary fiber and blood pressure control","volume":"7","author":"Aleixandre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-021-01156-3","article-title":"Coffee and arterial hypertension","volume":"23","author":"Surma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1489368","article-title":"Potential nutraceutical and food additive properties and risks of coffee: a comprehensive overview","volume":"59","author":"Saeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730809","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.730809","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids of gut microbiota origin in hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600899","article-title":"Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review","volume":"53","author":"Nurminen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001161","article-title":"Efficacy of Hibiscus sabdariffa on reducing blood pressure in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials","volume":"79","author":"Abdelmonem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab104","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa on blood pressure and cardiometabolic markers","volume":"80","author":"Ellis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.07.007","article-title":"Evidence for the effectiveness of pomegranate supplementation for blood pressure management is weak: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"46","author":"Gbinigie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.11.018","article-title":"Effects of pomegranate juice on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"115","author":"Sahebkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8361","article-title":"Can sesame consumption improve blood pressure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"97","author":"Khosravi-Boroujeni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0394-6","article-title":"Predictors of short- and long-term adherence with a Mediterranean-type diet intervention: the PREDIMED randomized trial","volume":"13","author":"Downer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827613488867","article-title":"Long-term adherence to health behavior change","volume":"7","author":"Middleton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16680-8","article-title":"Determining the effective factors in predicting diet adherence using an intelligent model","volume":"12","author":"Mousavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/bs7030044","article-title":"Strategies to improve adherence to dietary weight loss interventions in research and real-world settings","volume":"7","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-02059-5","article-title":"Long-term dietary adherence and changes in dietary intake in coronary patients after intervention with a Mediterranean diet or a low-fat diet: the CORDIOPREV randomized trial","volume":"59","author":"Quintana-Navarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000551","article-title":"The mechanisms underlying fructose-induced hypertension: a review","volume":"33","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.100990","article-title":"Salt intake is related to soft drink consumption in children and adolescents: a link to obesity?","volume":"51","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0119-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in China: current features and implications","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa041","article-title":"Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and blood pressure reduction in adults with and without hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Filippou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.10.014","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet, its components, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"128","author":"Widmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082567","article-title":"Ketogenic diet, physical activity, and hypertension\u2014a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Di Raimondo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2019.08.003","article-title":"Review of current evidence and clinical recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate (including ketogenic) diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: a scientific statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force","volume":"13","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0143-4","article-title":"Nutrient supplementation no substitute for healthy diets","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2023092221061536300_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-018-0296-6","article-title":"Nutrients and nutraceuticals for the management of high normal blood pressure: an evidence-based consensus document","volume":"26","author":"Cicero","year":"2019","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/99\/1176\/1058\/51722098\/qgad021.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/99\/1176\/1058\/51722098\/qgad021.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T21:07:43Z","timestamp":1695416863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/99\/1176\/1058\/7191596"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1176","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/postmj\/qgad021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]}}}