{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:37:31Z","timestamp":1784957851926,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1182","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]],"date-time":"2024-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA0805100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA0805100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82200879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200879"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The link between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and essential hypertension (EH) and its causal nature remains controversial. Our study examined the connection between GERD and the risk of hypertension and assessed further whether this correlation has a causal relationship.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>First, we utilized the National Readmission Database including 14\u2009422\u2009183 participants to conduct an observational study. Dividing the population into GERD and non-GERD groups, we investigated the correlation between GERD and EH using multivariate logistic regression. Next, bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization was adopted. The summary statistics for GERD were obtained from a published genome-wide association study including 78\u2009707 cases and 288\u2009734 controls. We collected summary statistics for hypertension containing 70\u2009651 cases and 223\u2009663 controls from the FinnGen consortium. We assessed causality primarily by the inverse-variance weighted method with validation by four other Mendelian randomization approaches as well as an array of sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the unadjusted model, GERD patients had a higher risk of EH than the non-GERD group, regardless of gender (odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval: 1.42\u20131.43; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Further adjusting for critical confounders did not change this association. For Mendelian randomization, we found that genetically predicted GERD was causally linked to an enhanced risk of EH in inverse-variance weighted technique (odds ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval: 1.39\u20131.67; P\u2009=\u20093.51\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u221218); conversely, EH did not raise the risk of GERD causally.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GERD is a causal risk factor for EH. Further research is required to probe the mechanism underlying this causal connection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgad123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T09:57:16Z","timestamp":1705312636000},"page":"242-251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gastroesophageal reflux disease increases the risk of essential hypertension: results from the Nationwide Readmission Database and Mendelian randomization analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0616-8037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging , Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, , Jinan, Shandong 250021 , China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University , Ministry of Education, 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Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases , Jinan, Shandong 250021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing 101149, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care , Beijing 101149, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging , Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, , Jinan, Shandong 250021, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University , Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, , Jinan, Shandong 250021, China"},{"name":"Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes 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