{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:43:13Z","timestamp":1782135793951,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1196","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qingdao Chinese Medicine Technology Project","award":["2021-zyym26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-zyym26"]}]},{"name":"2021 Shandong Province Graduate Education and Teaching Reform Research Project","award":["SDYJG21110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDYJG21110"]}]},{"name":"2023 Qingdao Technology Benefiting Demonstration Project","award":["23-2-8-smjk-8-nsh"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-2-8-smjk-8-nsh"]}]},{"name":"Taishan Young Scholars Program of Shandong Province","award":["NO.tsqn202306395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.tsqn202306395"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82270676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82270676"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Abdominal pain is one of the most prominent symptoms in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) and can manifest intermittently or persistently. The mechanism of pain is not yet clear, and no effective treatment is currently available. This study aimed to explore the risk factors for pain in patients with CP, which may provide new insights for developing effective pain control modalities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This clinical study was based on a single-centre research database that included 570 patients with CP. We compared the differences in baseline data, clinical characteristics, and psychophysiology traits between patients with and without pain. Subsequently, patients will be followed up to assess changes in their risk factors and explore their relationship with pain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the final risk factor model, young age (P = .031; odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20090.986 [0.973, 0.999]), prolonged disease duration (P &amp;lt; .001; OR\u2009=\u20091.307 [1.127, 1.516]), heavy smoking (P = .014; OR\u2009=\u20091.331 [1.060, 1.617]), alcohol consumption (P = .003; OR\u2009=\u20091.419 [1.127, 1.788]), low body mass index (P &amp;lt; .001; OR\u2009=\u20090.786 [0.703, 0.879]), pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (P = .040; OR\u2009=\u20091.683 [1.024, 2.767]), acute pancreatitis attacks (P = .027; OR\u2009=\u20091.759 [1.067, 2.902]), anxiety, and depression (P = .016; OR\u2009=\u20091.047 [1.009, 1.088]; P = .014; OR\u2009=\u20091.068 [1.013, 1.126]) were associated with CP pain. Reducing tobacco and alcohol intake (P = .001; OR\u2009=\u20092.367 [1.525, 4.637]; P = .024; OR\u2009=\u20092.011 [1.085, 3.199]), increasing the body mass index (P = .005; OR\u2009=\u20091.968 [1.265, 3.805]), and improving anxiety (P = .001; OR\u2009=\u20091.164 [1.081, 1.340]) were identified to be beneficial for pain relief. Compared to the effects on persistent pain, pancreatic enzyme supplementation (P = .004; OR\u2009=\u20091.794 [1.186, 2.502]) had a clear effect on intermittent pain in patients with CP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified a multifactorial model of pain risk factors for CP and confirmed that modifying these risk factors could influence patient pain symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgae185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T15:43:49Z","timestamp":1737560629000},"page":"545-552","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk factors associated with pain and pain relief in patients with chronic pancreatitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Bingqing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao 266075 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuning","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao 266075 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao 266075 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao 266075 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao 266075 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Bin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao 266075 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao 266075 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31318-0","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis","volume":"396","author":"Beyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000421","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis: managing a difficult disease","volume":"115","author":"Hart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-022-01911-6","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for chronic pancreatitis 2021","volume":"57","author":"Shimizu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000535","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: chronic pancreatitis","volume":"115","author":"Gardner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.19411","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of chronic pancreatitis: a review","volume":"322","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14783","article-title":"Association of multiple patient and disease characteristics with the presence and type of pain in chronic pancreatitis","volume":"35","author":"Olesen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322117","article-title":"Pain patterns in chronic pancreatitis: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study","volume":"70","author":"Kempeneers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2020.1794022","article-title":"Progression of pancreatic morphology in chronic pancreatitis is not associated with changes in quality of life and pain","volume":"55","author":"Steinkohl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S274276","article-title":"Severe pain in chronic pancreatitis patients: considering mental health and associated genetic factors","volume":"14","author":"Dunbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2022.0223","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline\u2014acute and chronic pancreatitis","volume":"119","author":"Beyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-023-00898-1","article-title":"Advances in the management of pain in chronic pancreatitis","volume":"25","author":"Maydeo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.20967","article-title":"Effect of early surgery vs endoscopy-first approach on pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis: the ESCAPE randomized clinical trial","volume":"323","author":"Issa","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.125","article-title":"Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the risk of recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis","volume":"169","author":"Yadav","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1159\/000152001","article-title":"Multicenter approach to recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis in the United States: the North American Pancreatitis Study 2 (NAPS2)","volume":"8","author":"Whitcomb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref15","volume-title":"Health, United States, 2006. With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans Hyattesville","author":"National Center of Health Statistics"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106204","article-title":"Medicinal herbs for the treatment of anxiety: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"179","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.12.2163","article-title":"The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: has the gold standard become a lead weight?","volume":"161","author":"Bagby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S168266","article-title":"Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: prevalence, diagnosis, and management","volume":"12","author":"Capurso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.213835","article-title":"Type of pain, pain-associated complications, quality of life, disability and resource utilisation in chronic pancreatitis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Mullady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091780","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1091780","article-title":"Causal associations between modifiable risk factors and pancreatitis: a comprehensive Mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2018.05.025","article-title":"Predicting the efficacy of surgery for pain relief in patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis","volume":"164","author":"Borda\u00e7ahar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i1.47","article-title":"Systematic mechanism- orientated approach to chronic pancreatitis pain","volume":"21","author":"Bouwense","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.07.006","article-title":"Serum biomarkers of nociceptive and neuropathic pain in chronic pancreatitis","volume":"24","author":"Saloman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025544","article-title":"Pain, nicotine, and smoking: research findings and mechanistic considerations","volume":"137","author":"Ditre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2022.09.237","article-title":"Impact of recurrent acute pancreatitis on the natural history and progression to chronic pancreatitis","volume":"22","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021014-071727","article-title":"Regeneration and repair of the exocrine pancreas","volume":"77","author":"Murtaugh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2022.04.016","article-title":"Pain patterns in chronic pancreatitis and chronic primary pain","volume":"22","author":"Tuck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref28","article-title":"Chronic pain and its relationship with anxiety and depression","volume":"120","author":"B\u00e4ckryd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lakartidningen"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.026","article-title":"Association of chronic pancreatitis pain features with physical, mental, and social health","volume":"21","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000782","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with chronic pancreatitis associates with pain and reduced quality of life","volume":"115","author":"Phillips","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1994","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the associations of elements of the fear-avoidance model of chronic pain with negative affect, depression, anxiety, pain-related disability and pain intensity","volume":"26","author":"Rogers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1003","article-title":"Brain changes associated with cognitive and emotional factors in chronic pain: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Malfliet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2025052713431138400_ref33","volume-title":"Pancreatic Insufficiency","author":"Ghodeif","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/101\/1196\/545\/61556742\/qgae185.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/101\/1196\/545\/61556742\/qgae185.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T17:43:21Z","timestamp":1748367801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/101\/1196\/545\/7972447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1196","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/postmj\/qgae185","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-5473","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-0756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]}}}