{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:57:11Z","timestamp":1769011031679,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1199","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a critical global health issue characterized by perturbance in cerebral function attributed to mechanical force. TBI often precipitates significant visual impairment that negatively impacts the patients\u2019 quality of life. This review examines the effects of TBI on visual function from a neuro-ophthalmological perspective, focusing on the assessment, diagnostics, and management of associated sequelae.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed\/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to garner and collate relevant data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>TBI may result in visual field defects, ocular motor dysfunction, insufficiency of accommodation, and photosensitivity. Early detection remains a profound challenge, partly due to a dearth of standardized protocols for evaluating visual impairment. Diagnostic methodologies include visual field testing, ocular motility assessments, and fundus photography, while rehabilitation approaches encompass vision therapy and low-vision rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Establishing hospital-based multidisciplinary teams is essential for effectively addressing TBI-related visual impairment. Future research should prioritize evidence-based treatment protocols and explore diverse vision rehabilitation strategies through large-scale studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgae188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T23:23:32Z","timestamp":1733527412000},"page":"886-894","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The impact of traumatic brain injury on visual processing: a neuro-ophthalmological perspective"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Hajar Nasir","family":"Tukur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education , Kigali ,","place":["Rwanda"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Bah\u00e7e\u015fehir University , Istanbul ,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0692-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Uwishema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education , Kigali ,","place":["Rwanda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalal","family":"Sheikhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education , Kigali ,","place":["Rwanda"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Bah\u00e7e\u015fehir University , Istanbul ,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatice","family":"Akbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education , Kigali ,","place":["Rwanda"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University , Istanbul ,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarek Emir","family":"Chehab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education , Kigali ,","place":["Rwanda"]},{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University School of Medicine , Istanbul ,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Wellington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research, and Education , Kigali ,","place":["Rwanda"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Leeds ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081806221005300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.017","article-title":"Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury","volume":"91","author":"Menon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2025081806221005300_ref2","volume-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 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