{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T16:24:52Z","timestamp":1793895892362,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1197","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Doctoral Research Project","award":["2021GCC03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GCC03"]}]},{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University horizontal scientific research project","award":["HX202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HX202202"]}]},{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University horizontal scientific research project","award":["HX202201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HX202201"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Province Science and Technology Innovation Joint Funding Project","award":["2021Y9028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Y9028"]}]},{"name":"Guiding Science and Technology Plan Project in the Field of Medical and Health Care","award":["2021N019S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021N019S"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Medical University Qihang Foundation General Project Plan","award":["2021QH1117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021QH1117"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Young and Middle-aged Teachers\u2019 Education Research Project","award":["JAT220109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JAT220109"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013795","name":"Fujian Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022QH1126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022QH1126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), encompassing Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT), is a prevalent chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies. It is the primary cause of primary hypothyroidism and affects women more frequently than men. Nearly 95% of individuals with HT exhibit thyroid peroxidase antibodies or thyroglobulin antibodies. Dietary factors, including vitamins and trace elements such as zinc, play a significant role in thyroid health; yet, clinical guidelines lack explicit dietary recommendations for AIT.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study investigates the relationship between dietary zinc intake (Zinc) and AIT using data from the 2007\u20132008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 5467 participants were analyzed, including 273 individuals with AIT and 5194 without AIT. Clinical characteristics, dietary Zinc, and other relevant variables were assessed. Multivariate logistic bidirectional stepwise regression analysis was conducted to identify independent risk factors for AIT, and a risk prediction model was developed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of AIT was 5%. Individuals with AIT were older, had a higher proportion of females, and showed elevated levels of various biomarkers, including zinc. Dietary Zinc was significantly higher in the AIT group (22.6\u00a0mg vs. 15.3\u00a0mg, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). The regression analysis identified dietary Zinc, along with other factors, as an independent risk factor for AIT. The risk prediction model, including zinc, demonstrated a better performance (area under the curve\u2009=\u20090.8) compared to the model without zinc.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The findings indicate that higher dietary Zinc is positively correlated with the risk of AIT and serves as an independent risk factor. Excessive Zinc may disrupt immune balance, potentially increasing the risk of autoimmune diseases. These results suggest that dietary Zinc should be carefully considered in the management of AIT, and further research is needed to explore the causal relationship and determine safe zinc consumption levels to avoid increasing the risk of autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgae202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T04:53:26Z","timestamp":1736571206000},"page":"644-652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Higher dietary zinc intake increases the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Lijun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou City, Fujian Province 362000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changjian","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou City, Fujian Province 362000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrocardiogram, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou City, Fujian Province 362000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengrong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou City, Fujian Province 362000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruhai","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou City, Fujian Province 362000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou City, Fujian Province 362000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6487-7029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huibin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Quanzhou City, Fujian Province 362000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062422060549600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.016","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"14","author":"Antonelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2025062422060549600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldr030","article-title":"The epidemiology of thyroid disease","volume":"99","author":"Vanderpump","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"2025062422060549600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020709","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1020709","article-title":"Global prevalence and epidemiological trends of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025062422060549600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102649","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: an update on pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic protocols, therapeutic strategies, and potential malignant transformation","volume":"19","author":"Ralli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"2025062422060549600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101433","article-title":"TPO antibody positivity and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Dhillon-Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025062422060549600_ref6","article-title":"Vitamin D and the thyroid: a critical review of the current evidence","volume":"24","author":"Babi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025062422060549600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0311-6","article-title":"Selenium in thyroid disorders - 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