{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T03:09:59Z","timestamp":1783134599470,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1200","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Long working hours represent a major public health concern. We explored the association between working hours and the American Heart Association\u2019s \u201cLife\u2019s Essential 8 (LE8).\u201d<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A nationwide sample comprising 21\u2009062 Korean workers was analyzed. The LE8 scores (range 0\u2013100) were calculated based on the following cardiovascular disease risk factors: diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep health, body mass index, blood lipid levels, blood glucose levels, and blood pressure. Cardiovascular health (CVH) was categorized as low (LE8: 0\u201349), intermediate (LE8: 50\u201359), and high (LE8: 80\u2013100). Linear regression and multinomial logistic regression models were used for statistical analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The means of the LE8 scores for those working &amp;lt;35\u00a0h, 35\u201340\u00a0h, 41\u201348\u00a0h, 49\u201354\u00a0h, and\u2009\u2265\u200955\u00a0h per week were 69.4, 68.2, 66.8, 64.7, and 61.9, respectively. Among men, working 49\u201354\u00a0h per week [\u03b2: \u20131.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): \u22122.40, \u22120.45] and\u2009\u226555\u00a0h per week (\u03b2: \u20133.23; 95% CI: \u22124.11, \u22122.35) were associated with lower LE8 scores. Similarly, among women, working 49\u201354\u00a0h per week (\u03b2: \u20131.62; 95% CI: \u22122.72, \u22120.52) and\u2009\u226555\u00a0h per week (\u03b2: \u20132.88; 95% CI: \u22123.88, \u22121.88) had negative associations with LE8 scores. Working \u226555\u00a0h per week was associated with a 2.03-fold increase (95% CI: 1.53, 2.68) in the odds of low CVH among men and a 2.02-fold increase (95% CI: 1.37, 2.98) among women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Long working hours are associated with poor CVH, emphasizing the necessity of mitigating excessive working hours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Key message What is already known on this topic\u2014The American Heart Association recently introduced \u201cLife Essential 8 (LE8),\u201d a metric assessing cardiovascular health. This study explored the association between long working hours and poor cardiovascular health among Korean adult workers. What this study adds\u2014This study demonstrates that compared with working 35\u201340\u00a0h per week, working \u02c348\u00a0h per week is associated with a reduced LE8 score. Specifically, working 49\u201354\u00a0h and\u2009\u226555\u00a0h per week are associated with increased odds of having poor cardiovascular health in both men and women, compared with working 35\u201340\u00a0h per week. Notably, long working hours showed a strong association with the health behavior factors of LE8. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy\u2014This study suggests that promoting cardiovascular health based on the LE8 framework can be beneficial in mitigating the health burdens of long working hours.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgaf010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T23:18:23Z","timestamp":1736810303000},"page":"980-987","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association between long working hours and poor cardiovascular health assessed by the American Heart Association\u2019s \u201cLife\u2019s essential 8\u201d: findings from a nationally representative sample of Korean workers (2014\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0882-8326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-Uk","family":"Baek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine , 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Ha","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Occupational Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine , 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 ,","place":["South Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine , 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 ,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091922531179100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106595","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000-2016: a systematic analysis from the WHO\/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury","volume":"154","author":"Pega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2025091922531179100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105746","article-title":"The effect of exposure to long working hours on stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO\/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury","volume":"142","author":"Descatha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2025091922531179100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105739","article-title":"The effect of exposure to long working hours on ischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO\/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2025091922531179100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35371\/aoem.2023.35.e17","article-title":"Statement by the Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine on the proposed reform of working hours in South Korea. 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