{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T08:11:42Z","timestamp":1758355902505,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1200","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012476","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1053320241806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1053320241806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global health, making it essential to understand its genetic effects on various traits.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Leveraging the extensive FinnGen dataset comprising 500\u2009000 individuals, we performed a Mendelian randomization (MR) phenome-wide association study. COVID-19-related phenotypes obtained from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative GWAS (release 7). We employed four distinct approaches, including MR-Egger, weighted median, random-effect inverse variance weighted (IVW), and weighted mode, to conduct the MR analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two hundred fifty-five potential causal effects of COVID-19 were observed for a diverse range of outcomes using the IVW method, including cardiovascular disorders, respiratory conditions, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders. Apart from a few that can be classified as \u201cother traits,\u201d the majority of the traits are disease-related traits. We have also identified 31 traits, wherein all four distinct MR analyses yielded a P-value of less than 0.05. Only one trait remained statistically significant after multiple testing correction using the conservative Bonferroni threshold (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20092.2E-5).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This phenome-wide MR study provides valuable insights into the genetically predicted effects of COVID-19 on a comprehensive range of traits. The identified associations contribute to our understanding of the complex interplay between the impact of the post-COVID-19 era on healthcare and may have implications for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and public health interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Key messages What is already known on this topic \u2013 COVID-19 has a high mortality rate, and patients often have many sequelae, including myocarditis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and neurological and hematologic complications. What this study adds Most of the current relevant studies lack large-scale phenotype-group ranging Mendelian randomization (MR) studies on the outcome of COVID-19 due to their small sample sizes. Therefore, this study performed a full phenotypic group MR analysis in the FinnGen dataset to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 and thousands of outcome variables. How this study might affect research, practice or policy- The study identified a set of traits that are strongly associated with genetic susceptibility to the long-term effects of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgaf037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T18:14:06Z","timestamp":1758305646000},"page":"1034-1040","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetically predicted effects of COVID-19 on 2272 traits: exploring through a phenome-wide Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Junyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha , 410008, Hunan,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University , 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha , 410008, Hunan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , No. 628, Zhenyuan Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Weekly Epidemiological Update and Weekly Operational Update. Secondary Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Weekly Epidemiological Update and Weekly Operational Update","year":"2020","key":"2025091922532576300_ref1"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(22)00172-6","article-title":"Pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: an exploratory analysis of infection and fatality rates, and contextual factors associated with preparedness in 177 countries, from Jan 1, 2020, to sept 30, 2021","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.12.017","article-title":"Long-term effects of COVID-19","volume":"97","author":"Joshee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02051-3","article-title":"Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection","volume":"28","author":"Bowe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1346","article-title":"Meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization: a review","volume":"10","author":"Bowden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29272","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29272","article-title":"Eliminating COVID-19 as the immediate culprit for igniting pancreatitis","volume":"95","author":"Ge","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28722","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28722","article-title":"Causal effects of COVID-19 on cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02952-1","article-title":"Causal effects of COVID-19 on structural changes in specific brain regions: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05473-8","article-title":"FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population","volume":"613","author":"Kurki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15555.3","article-title":"Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations: update for summer 2023","volume":"4","author":"Burgess","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome open research"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using Mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement","volume":"326","author":"Skrivankova","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-020-0636-6","article-title":"The COVID-19 host genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic","volume":"28","author":"Initiative","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq151","article-title":"Power and instrument strength requirements for Mendelian randomization studies using multiple genetic variants","volume":"40","author":"Pierce","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","article-title":"Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data","volume":"37","author":"Burgess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through egger regression","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr036","article-title":"Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"40","author":"Burgess","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22442","article-title":"The influence of unmeasured confounding on the MR Steiger approach","volume":"46","author":"Lutz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw373","article-title":"PhenoScanner: a database of human genotype-phenotype associations","volume":"32","author":"Staley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz469","article-title":"PhenoScanner V2: an expanded tool for searching human genotype-phenotype associations","volume":"35","author":"Kamat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","article-title":"The MR-base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome","volume":"7","author":"Hemani","year":"2018  30","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(98)00043-2","article-title":"Multiple correlations and Bonferroni's correction","volume":"44","author":"Curtin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009922","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009922","article-title":"Combining the strengths of inverse-variance weighting and Egger regression in Mendelian randomization using a mixture of regressions model","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabq1533","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abq1533","article-title":"Core mitochondrial genes are down-regulated during SARS-CoV-2 infection of rodent and human hosts","volume":"15","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00024.2020","article-title":"Pregnancy and COVID-19","volume":"101","author":"Wastnedge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100107","article-title":"Outcome of coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Di Mascio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1770091","article-title":"COVID-19 and preeclampsia: a systematic review of pathophysiological interactions","volume":"45","author":"Nascimento","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.055","article-title":"Expression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 cell entry genes, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine 2, in the placenta across gestation and at the maternal-fetal interface in pregnancies complicated by preterm birth or preeclampsia","volume":"224","author":"Bloise","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"volume-title":"Increased Incidence of Scarlet Fever and Invasive Group a Streptococcus Infection \u2013 Multi-Country","year":"2022","author":"WHO","key":"2025091922532576300_ref30"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000000225","article-title":"Was the COVID pandemic suppressing the outbreak of scarlet fever in the United Kingdom?: correspondence","volume":"109","author":"Sultana","year":"2023","journal-title":"International journal of surgery (London, England)"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.12.023","article-title":"Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions during COVID-19 pandemic on pertussis, scarlet fever and hand-foot-mouth disease in China","volume":"84","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of infection"},{"key":"2025091922532576300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20116-5","article-title":"Epidemiological changes of scarlet fever before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Chongqing, China: a 19-year surveillance and prediction study","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/101\/1200\/1034\/62571853\/qgaf037.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article-pdf\/101\/1200\/1034\/62571853\/qgaf037.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T02:54:08Z","timestamp":1758336848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pmj\/article\/101\/1200\/1034\/8092247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1200","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/postmj\/qgaf037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-5473","1469-0756"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0032-5473"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-0756"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]}}}