{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T17:23:53Z","timestamp":1764609833941,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1201","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019000","name":"Ministry of National Defense Medical Affairs Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010425","name":"Tri-Service General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007354","name":"Tjing Ling Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011912","name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed, but their link to migraine risk, especially in Asian populations, remains unclear. This longitudinal study aimed to answer the following question: Does PPI exposure show a dose-dependent risk of migraine, varying by subtype and PPI indication in an Asian population?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using Taiwan\u2019s National Health Insurance Research Database (2000\u201315), we conducted a matched case\u2013control study on PPI exposure. Adults prescribed PPIs for peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or upper gastrointestinal bleeding were included, excluding those with prior migraines or incomplete data. Controls were matched 1:1 by age, sex, and residence. PPI exposure was measured in cumulative defined daily doses (cDDDs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 22\u2009834 PPI users (11\u2009417 cases, 11\u2009417 controls) with a mean follow-up of 4.1\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3\u00a0years. The study population comprised 65.6% females and 34.4% males, with no significant sex difference (P\u2009=\u20091.000). Mean age was 47.27\u2009\u00b1\u200915.16\u00a0years in cases and 47.42\u2009\u00b1\u200915.14\u00a0years in controls (P\u2009=\u2009.444). The average interval from PPI initiation to migraine diagnosis was 2.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.9\u00a0years. Compared with those with the lowest PPI exposure (cDDD \u226430), migraine risk progressively increases with greater cumulative exposure: cDDD 31\u2013120 [aOR\u2009=\u20091.22, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20091.15\u20131.30], cDDD 121\u2013365 (aOR\u2009=\u20091.42, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.32\u20131.52), and cDDD &amp;gt;365 (aOR\u2009=\u20091.60, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.41\u20131.80). This dose-dependent relationship was consistent across migraine subtypes and PPI indications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This large-scale Asian population study revealed a significant dose-dependent association between PPI exposure and increased migraine risk, emphasizing the need for cautious prescribing and monitoring of migraine symptoms in long-term PPI users, particularly in Asian populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgaf077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T07:47:37Z","timestamp":1746690457000},"page":"1211-1218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dose-dependent association between proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of migraine: a nationwide matched case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Yuan-Zhen","family":"Ruan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center , No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114202 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fu-Chi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center , No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114202 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Mei","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , No. 201, Sec. Shihpai Road, Beitou District, Taipei 11217 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112304 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Fen","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , No. 201, Sec. Shihpai Road, Beitou District, Taipei 11217 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112304 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Sung","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center , No. 60, Xinmin Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112003 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical Center , No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City 11490 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tung-Ping","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , No. 201, Sec. Shihpai Road, Beitou District, Taipei 11217 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112304 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, General Cheng Hsin Hospital , No. 45, Cheng Hsin St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11220 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Jen","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , No. 201, Sec. Shihpai Road, Beitou District, Taipei 11217 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112304 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzeng-Ji","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei City 11217 ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112304 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7693-1408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Kuang","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center , No. 325, Sec. 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114202 ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mu-Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , No. 201, Sec. 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