{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:23:50Z","timestamp":1792607030027,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Technological innovation has played a pivotal role in shaping trauma and orthopaedic surgery. This narrative review examines the evolution of orthopaedic practice across six industrial revolutions, from early mechanization to contemporary artificial intelligence (AI)\u2013driven healthcare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured literature search of major databases and historical sources was performed through December 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Industry 1.0 introduced standardized surgical instrumentation and early prosthetics, while Industry 2.0 enabled radiographic imaging, aseptic techniques, and internal fixation. Industry 3.0 facilitated total joint arthroplasty, advanced cross-sectional imaging, and minimally invasive surgery. Industry 4.0 has integrated AI, robotics, and three-dimensional printing into clinical practice. Emerging paradigms of Industry 5.0 emphasize human\u2013AI collaboration, personalized medicine, and regenerative technologies, whereas Industry 6.0 envisions autonomous surgical systems and intelligent implants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding this technological progression provides insight into the future trajectory of precision orthopaedics and highlights the importance of interdisciplinary innovation in improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgag075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T11:43:20Z","timestamp":1779277400000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transformation of trauma and orthopaedics across the six industrial revolutions: from mechanization to artificial intelligence applications in enhancing patient care"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9182-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil","family":"Regmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Charak Memorial Hospital , Pokhara 33700 ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivaan","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Software Engineering, Delhi Technological University , Delhi 110042 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9755-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surakshya","family":"Baral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore , Baltimore, MD 21215 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4164-7380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay Kumar","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital , New Delhi 110001 ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4379-1266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karthikeyan P","family":"Iyengar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Southport and Ormskirk Hospital, Mersey and West Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Southport PR8 6PN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062114314173000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481808400613","article-title":"How technology shaped modern surgery","volume":"84","author":"Nakayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am 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