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The pathophysiology of SCI is complicated and multifaceted, and thus individual treatments acting on a specific aspect or process are inadequate to elicit neuronal regeneration and functional recovery after SCI. Combinatory strategies targeting multiple aspects of SCI pathology have achieved greater beneficial effects than individual therapy alone. Although many problems and challenges remain, the encouraging outcomes that have been achieved in preclinical models offer a promising foothold for the development of novel clinical strategies to treat SCI. In this review, we characterize the mechanisms underlying axon regeneration of adult neurons and summarize recent advances in facilitating functional recovery following SCI at both the acute and chronic stages. In addition, we analyze the current status, remaining problems, and realistic challenges towards clinical translation. Finally, we consider the future of SCI treatment and provide insights into how to narrow the translational gap that currently exists between preclinical studies and clinical practice. Going forward, clinical trials should emphasize multidisciplinary conversation and cooperation to identify optimal combinatorial approaches to maximize therapeutic benefit in humans with SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwad003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T23:11:01Z","timestamp":1675984261000},"page":"635-652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":199,"title":["Recent progress and challenges in the treatment of spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sensen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maojun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China"},{"name":"Cryo-EM Facility Center, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023091412211160300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30601-3","article-title":"Restoration of reaching and grasping movements through brain-controlled muscle stimulation in a person with tetraplegia: a proof-of-concept demonstration","volume":"389","author":"Ajiboye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023091412211160300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00282","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2023091412211160300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1223-z","article-title":"IGF-1 overexpression improves 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