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As DBS is a network modulation surgical treatment, the development of DBS for both neurological and psychiatric disorders has been partly driven by advances in neuroimaging, which has helped explain the brain networks implicated. Advances in magnetic resonance imaging connectivity and electrophysiology have led to the development of the concept of modulating widely distributed, complex brain networks. Moreover, the increasing number of targets for treating psychiatric disorders have indicated that there may be a convergence of the effect of stimulating different targets for the same disorder, and the effect of stimulating the same target for different disorders. The aim of this paper is to review the imaging studies of DBS for psychiatric disorders. Imaging, and particularly connectivity analysis, offers exceptional opportunities to better understand and even predict the clinical outcomes of DBS, especially where there is a lack of objective biomarkers that are essential to properly guide DBS pre- and post-operatively. In future, imaging might also prove useful to individualize DBS treatment. Finally, one of the most important aspects of imaging in DBS is that it allows us to better understand the brain through observing the changes of the functional connectome under neuromodulation, which may in turn help explain the mechanisms of action of DBS that remain elusive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkab012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T20:14:34Z","timestamp":1633032874000},"page":"118-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders: role of imaging in identifying\/confirming DBS targets, predicting, and optimizing outcome and unravelling mechanisms of action"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1832-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejan","family":"Georgiev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ve\u010dna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harith","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Jahanshahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021100412222544300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.042","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for refractory obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"57","author":"Abelson","year":"(2005)","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021100412222544300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.01.022","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the posterior gyrus rectus region for treatment resistant depression","volume":"194","author":"Accolla","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2021100412222544300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq380","article-title":"Double-blind clinical trial of thalamic stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Ackermans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021100412222544300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.008","article-title":"Connectivity derived thalamic segmentation in deep brain stimulation for tremor","volume":"18","author":"Akram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"2021100412222544300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.07.012","article-title":"Subthalamic deep brain stimulation sweet spots and hyperdirect cortical connectivity in Parkinson's disease","volume":"158","author":"Akram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100412222544300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz236","article-title":"Connectivity profile of thalamic deep brain stimulation to effectively treat essential tremor","volume":"142","author":"Al-Fatly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021100412222544300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0133591","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133591","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of treatment outcome and predictors of response","volume":"10","author":"Alonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021100412222544300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.5.1104","article-title":"Treatment of patients with intractable obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder with anterior capsular stimulation. 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