{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:57:40Z","timestamp":1784854660714,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":187,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["FCT-2024.01355.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT-2024.01355.BD"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF1202400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1202400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Healthcare systems require the efficient development of expert performance. Several studies have explored the cognitive foundations of medical expert performance, especially in radiology. Studying at the brain level could provide further insight into specific mechanisms mediating medical expert performance. Researchers have recently begun to systematically employ neuroimaging in this field. Most studies focus on specific specializations rather than identifying shared neural substrates across disciplines. This systematic review and activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A total of 297 studies examining neural correlates were identified by comparing expert and novice medical performance. After screening, 22 studies were included in the final analysis. For studies reporting three-dimensional coordinates, ALE meta-analysis revealed consistent involvement of the medial frontal lobe, including the superior frontal gyrus, dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and inferior frontal and fusiform gyri. Radiology-specific analyses highlighted activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the left pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), along with the fusiform and opercular inferior frontal gyri. Internal medicine-based studies highlighted involvement of the SMA, inferior frontal gyrus, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Our results revealed involvement, at different levels, of the medial frontal cortex, including the SMA and superior and inferior frontal gyri, which is part of the network relevant for inhibitory control and decision-making. The development of decision-making during the diagnostic process is relevant for the training of future professionals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkaf019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T13:32:50Z","timestamp":1751895170000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The brain on expert medical performance: a systematic review and activation likelihood estimation functional magentic resonance imaging meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Cera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto , 4200-135 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Research Unit in Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy, Cross I&D Lisbon Research Centre , Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, 1300-125 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto , 4200-135 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , 4200-319 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0190-6985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minghao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University , No. 2 South Taibai Road, Xi'an 710071 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Xian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, Xidian University , 710071 Xi'an ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Durning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Department of Health Professions Education, , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Department of Internal Medicine, , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janniko R","family":"Georgiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG) Department of Biomedical Sciences, , Antonius Deusinglaan, Groningen, 1, 9713 AV ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg , Oldenburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01175","article-title":"What you see is what you remember: visual chunking by temporal integration enhances working memory","volume":"29","author":"Aky\u00fcrek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000021","article-title":"Inner speech: development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology","volume":"141","author":"Alderson-Day","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1997)5:3<206::AID-HBM5>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Motor cortex and hand motor skills: structural compliance in the human brain","volume":"5","author":"Amunts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4682-05.2006","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical contributions to Stop signal response inhibition: role of the subthalamic nucleus","volume":"26","author":"Aron","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.09.019","article-title":"Does the brain's ventral visual pathway compute object shape?","volume":"26","author":"Ayzenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.12.025","article-title":"Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex and individual differences in uncertainty-driven exploration","volume":"73","author":"Badre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.20429\/ger.2018.140202","article-title":"The importance of automaticity development in mathematics","volume":"14","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Georgia Educational Researcher"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016151255","article-title":"Eye movements of radiologists reflect expertise in CT study interpretation: a potential tool to measure resident development","volume":"281","author":"Bertram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316026847","volume-title":"The Neuroscience of Expertise","author":"Bilali\u0107","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu272","article-title":"The faces in radiological images: fusiform face area supports radiological expertise","volume":"26","author":"Bilali\u0107","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020756","article-title":"Mechanisms and neural basis of object and pattern recognition: a study with chess experts","volume":"139","author":"Bilali\u0107","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21396","article-title":"Expertise modulates the neural basis of context dependent recognition of objects and their relations","volume":"33","author":"Bilali\u0107","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1247412","article-title":"Action monitoring and medial frontal cortex: leading role of supplementary motor area","volume":"343","author":"Bonini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-019-09612-x","article-title":"Phenomenological ethnography of radiology: expert performance in enacting diagnostic cognition","volume":"19","author":"Briedis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phenomenol Cognitive Sci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720821990160","article-title":"The role of cue-based strategies in skilled diagnosis among pathologists","volume":"64","author":"Carrigan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/3001666","article-title":"The combination of estimates from different experiments","volume":"10","author":"Cochran","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14959-4","article-title":"An ALE meta-analytic review of musical expertise","volume":"12","author":"Criscuolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22260-7","article-title":"Bi-directional regulation of cognitive control by distinct prefrontal cortical output neurons to thalamus and striatum","volume":"12","author":"de\u00a0Kloet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0160-2","article-title":"The Cambridge Car Memory Test: a task matched in format to the Cambridge Face Memory Test, with norms, reliability, sex differences, dissociations from face memory, and expertise effects","volume":"44","author":"Dennett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.08.016","article-title":"Convergent evidence for the causal involvement of anterior superior temporal gyrus in auditory single-word comprehension","volume":"77","author":"DeWitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00099","article-title":"Altered baseline brain activity in experts measured by amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF): a resting state fMRI study using expertise model of acupuncturists","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22235","article-title":"Expertise modulates local regional homogeneity of spontaneous brain activity in the resting brain: an fMRI study using the model of skilled acupuncturists","volume":"35","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkac024","article-title":"Early stage of radiological expertise modulates resting-state local coherence in the inferior temporal lobe","volume":"2","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoradiology"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66591","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066591","article-title":"Length of acupuncture training and structural plastic brain changes in professional acupuncturists","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00309","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.309","article-title":"Neural basis of nonanalytical reasoning expertise during clinical evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Durning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2015.1047755","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging correlates of thinking flexibility and knowledge structure in memory: exploring the relationships between clinical reasoning and diagnostic thinking","volume":"38","author":"Durning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-12-00242","article-title":"Using functional neuroimaging combined with a think-aloud protocol to explore clinical reasoning expertise in internal medicine","volume":"177","author":"Durning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.21188","article-title":"How is clinical reasoning developed, maintained, and objectively assessed? Views from expert internists and internal medicine interns","volume":"33","author":"Durning","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Contin Educ Health Prof"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.017","article-title":"Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis revisited","volume":"59","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7339.729","article-title":"Clinical problem solving and diagnostic decision making: selective review of the cognitive literature","volume":"324","author":"Elstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200410001-00022","article-title":"Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains","volume":"79","author":"Ericsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib32","first-page":"2","article-title":"The influence of experience and deliberate practice on the development of superior expert performance","volume":"38","author":"Ericsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2018.345","article-title":"The impact of patient, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) as a search strategy tool on literature search quality: a systematic review","volume":"106","author":"Eriksen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Libr Assoc"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200524","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0524","article-title":"The whole prefrontal cortex is premotor cortex","volume":"377","author":"Fine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.11.1843","article-title":"Inhibitory control is slowed in patients with right superior medial frontal damage","volume":"18","author":"Floden","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01132-0","article-title":"The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function","volume":"47","author":"Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib104_767_155025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190057","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190057","article-title":"\u00a0Visual search in breast imaging","author":"Gandomkar","year":"(2019)","journal-title":"Br J Radiol\u00a092"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/72140","article-title":"Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition","volume":"3","author":"Gauthier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr232","article-title":"The neural correlates of inner speech defined by voxel-based lesion\u2013symptom mapping","volume":"134","author":"Geva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-016-9410-3","article-title":"Expertise","volume":"37","author":"Goldman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02395-x","article-title":"Precision cancer medicine and the doctor-patient relationship: a systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"23","author":"Grauman","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2363041370","article-title":"What is different about a radiologist's brain?","volume":"236","author":"Haller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2005.04.002","article-title":"Speaking clearly: a critical review of the self-talk literature","volume":"7","author":"Hardy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exercise"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp051","article-title":"Engagement of fusiform cortex and disengagement of lateral occipital cortex in the acquisition of radiological expertise","volume":"19","author":"Harley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4085\/1402135","article-title":"Developing cognitive skills through active learning: a systematic review of health care professions","volume":"14","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Athletic Training Edu J"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.10.030","article-title":"The multifaceted role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in emotion, decision making, social cognition, and psychopathology","volume":"83","author":"Hiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-015-9648-3","article-title":"Hemispheric activation differences in novice and expert clinicians during clinical decision making","volume":"21","author":"Hruska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-015-9649-2","article-title":"Working memory, reasoning, and expertise in medicine-insights into their relationship using functional neuroimaging","volume":"21","author":"Hruska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.03.059","article-title":"Modulating inhibitory control with direct current stimulation of the superior medial frontal cortex","volume":"56","author":"Hsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.75.3.334","article-title":"Dichotomization of continuous variables: the implications for meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Hunter","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2004.10.018","article-title":"Simple arithmetic processing: the question of automaticity","volume":"119","author":"Jackson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1080\/08995600701804798","article-title":"Visual attention and brain processes that underlie expert performance: implications for sport and military psychology","volume":"20","author":"Janelle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Military Psychol"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1934","article-title":"The fusiform face area: a cortical region specialized for the perception of faces","volume":"361","author":"Kanwisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib54","first-page":"23333928241234863","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and decision-making in healthcare: a thematic analysis of a systematic review of reviews","volume":"11","author":"Khosravi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000042","article-title":"An fMRI study of differences in brain activity among elite, expert, and novice archers at the moment of optimal aiming","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00291","article-title":"The neural implementation of surgical expertise within the mirror-neuron system: an fMRI study","volume":"12","author":"Kok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0256849","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256849","article-title":"Holistic processing only? The role of the right fusiform face area in radiological expertise","volume":"16","author":"Kok","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108128","article-title":"Brain states and transitions: insights from computational neuroscience","volume":"32","author":"Kringelbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2422051997","article-title":"Holistic component of image perception in mammogram interpretation: gaze-tracking study","volume":"242","author":"Kundel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31815fa42e","article-title":"Could variations in technical skills acquisition in surgery be explained by differences in cortical plasticity?","volume":"247","author":"Leff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06976","article-title":"What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI","volume":"453","author":"Logothetis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2060-18.2019","article-title":"The human ventromedial prefrontal cortex: sulcal morphology and its influence on functional organization","volume":"39","author":"Lopez-Persem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2005.02.003","article-title":"How do radiologists do it? The influence of experience and training on searching for chest nodules","volume":"12","author":"Manning","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-021-09982-y","article-title":"Frontal intrinsic connectivity networks support contradiction identification during inductive and deductive reasoning","volume":"14","author":"Mansi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn Comput"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00891","article-title":"Cortical thickness in fusiform face area predicts face and object recognition performance","volume":"28","author":"McGugin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028752","article-title":"How doctors generate diagnostic hypotheses: a study of radiological diagnosis with functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"6","author":"Melo","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"151","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2014.09.007","article-title":"Assessment of competence in surgical skills using functional magnetic resonance imaging: a feasibility study","volume":"72","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-021-00932-7","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with heightened responding in the prefrontal cortex during cue-signalled uncertainty of threat","volume":"22","author":"Morriss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-06702-0","article-title":"Health profession students\u2019 perceptions of ChatGPT in healthcare and education: insights from a mixed-methods study","volume":"25","author":"Moskovich","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2478","article-title":"Functional role of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas","volume":"9","author":"Nachev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01553","article-title":"Temporal characteristics of radiologists' and novices' lesion detection in viewing medical images presented rapidly and sequentially","volume":"7","author":"Nakashima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib73","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Non-analytical models of clinical reasoning: the role of experience","volume":"41","author":"Norman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2014.960428","article-title":"Supplementary motor area and primary auditory cortex activation in an expert break-dancer during the kinesthetic motor imagery of dance to music","volume":"21","author":"Olshansky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0231900","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231900","article-title":"Functional, anatomical and diffusion tensor MRI study of radiology expertise","volume":"15","author":"Ouellette","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.10.954","article-title":"New evidence for distinct right and left brain systems for deductive versus probabilistic reasoning","volume":"11","author":"Parsons","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e599","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30222-1","article-title":"Multimorbidity\u2014a defining challenge for health systems","volume":"4","author":"Pearson-Stuttard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002707","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002707","article-title":"Discovering relations between mind, brain, and mental disorders using topic mapping","volume":"8","author":"Poldrack","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.10.009","article-title":"The brain-structural correlates of mathematical expertise","volume":"114","author":"Popescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh608","article-title":"Region-specific changes in prefrontal function with age: a review of PET and fMRI studies on working and episodic memory","volume":"128","author":"Rajah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib81","first-page":"261","article-title":"Category-selective recruitment of the fusiform gyrus with chess expertise","volume-title":"Expertise and Skill Acquisition","author":"Righi","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-020-00006-8","article-title":"From novice to expert: a qualitative study of implementation facilitation skills","volume":"1","author":"Ritchie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Implement Sci Commun"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6410(95)00038-0","article-title":"Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions","volume":"3","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res Cogn Brain Res"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01620","article-title":"The holistic processing account of visual expertise in medical image perception: a review","volume":"8","author":"Sheridan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397025-1.00038-5","article-title":"Expertise and object recognition","volume":"2","author":"Sigurdardottir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/145749690909800403","article-title":"Expertise and skill in minimally invasive surgery","volume":"98","author":"Silvennoinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Surg"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/1534508411430321","article-title":"Technology-enhanced assessment of math fact automaticity: patterns of performance for low-and typically achieving students","volume":"37","author":"Stickney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Assessment for Effective Intervention"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904623","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.904623","article-title":"Real-world visual experience alters baseline brain activity in the resting state: a longitudinal study using expertise model of radiologists","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64828-6_3","article-title":"Understanding clinical reasoning from multiple perspectives: a conceptual and theoretical overview","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Case-based Clinical Reasoning Education: a Method for Preclinical Students","author":"ten\u00a0Cate","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21186","article-title":"Minimizing within-experiment and within-group effects in Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analyses","volume":"33","author":"Turkeltaub","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaa023","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa023","article-title":"Thinking fast or slow? Functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals stronger connectivity when experienced neurologists diagnose ambiguous cases","volume":"2","author":"van\u00a0den\u00a0Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986030003261","article-title":"Bias and efficiency of meta-analytic variance estimators in the random-effects model","volume":"30","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Edu Behav Stat"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0376","article-title":"Interfering with inner speech selectively disrupts problem solving and is linked with real-world executive functioning","volume":"60","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152619","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1152619","article-title":"Visual expertise modulates resting-state brain network dynamics in radiologists: a degree centrality analysis","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153837","article-title":"Precision medicine: disease subtyping and tailored treatment","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25563","article-title":"Visual experience modulates whole-brain connectivity dynamics: a resting-state fMRI study using the model of radiologists","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib97","article-title":"The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses","author":"Wells","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02250.x","article-title":"Inducing expertise effects in clinical case recall","volume":"39","author":"Wimmers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"kkae020","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkae020","article-title":"Expertise, brain plasticity, and resting state","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychoradiology"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2007.02913.x","article-title":"Found in translation: the impact of familiar symptom descriptions on diagnosis in novices","volume":"41","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22893","article-title":"Brain stimulation improves cognitive control by modulating medial-frontal activity and preSMA-vmPFC functional connectivity","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00309","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional MRI reveal cortical and subcortical interactions during stop-signal response inhibition","volume":"25","author":"Zandbelt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025072205163406200_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-022-00707-x","article-title":"Visual expertise modulates baseline brain activity: a preliminary resting-state fMRI study using expertise model of radiologists","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Psychoradiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psyrad\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/psyrad\/kkaf019\/63692883\/kkaf019.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psyrad\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/psyrad\/kkaf019\/63692883\/kkaf019.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psyrad\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/psyrad\/kkaf019\/63692883\/kkaf019.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T09:16:50Z","timestamp":1753175810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/psyrad\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/psyrad\/kkaf019\/8191233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":104,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/psyrad\/kkaf019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2634-4416"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2634-4416","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"kkaf019"}}