{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T14:55:15Z","timestamp":1776869715461,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018554","name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22JR11RA084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR11RA084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018554","name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24YFFA047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YFFA047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018554","name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24JRRA328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24JRRA328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018554","name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22JR5RA997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR5RA997"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with dysregulation of \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate(Glu) neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) enables non-invasive in vivo quantification of GABA and Glx(glutamate + glutamine) levels. This study investigated neurochemical characteristics of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in first-episode adolescent MDD (FEA-MDD) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)\u2019s impact on these changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>42 drug-na\u00efve FEA-MDD patients underwent bilateral DLPFC MRS scans before and after rTMS, with 42 healthy controls (HCs) as baseline. All participants were right-handed. The Mescher\u2013Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS) protocol detected GABA+ (GABA plus macromolecules and high carnosine) and Glx levels, processed via Gannet software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FEA-MDD patients exhibited significantly lower GABA+\u00a0and higher Glx levels in the left DLPFC than HCs; in the right DLPFC, no significant difference in GABA+\u00a0levels was observed, though Glx levels were elevated. After rTMS treatment, GABA+\u00a0levels in the left DLPFC increased significantly, whereas Glx levels showed a non-significant decreasing trend. Additionally, HCs had no hemispheric differences, while in FEA-MDD, the left DLPFC showed lower GABA+\u00a0and Glx levels compared to the right. We also found that in the left DLPFC, baseline GABA+\u00a0levels were negatively correlated with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores; Glx levels showed positive correlations with scores on the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Self-Esteem Scale (SES).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FEA-MDD involves prefrontal GABA+\/Glx dysregulation, and rTMS may aid in restoring neurotransmitter balance within the DLPFC. This study adds to the expanding body of evidence supporting the application of targeted neurochemical modulation in the treatment of FEA-MDD, while also providing insights into potential intervention mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkaf034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T13:13:15Z","timestamp":1763557995000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u03b3-Aminobutyric acid and glutamate dysregulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of adolescents with first-episode major depressive disorder and the modulatory effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Laiyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuyun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College , Changzhi 046000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songhong","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging , Lanzhou 730030 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GE Healthcare MR Research , Beijing 100000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1678-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Lanzhou 730030 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