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Yet these experiences often share a phenomenological core of anticipatory worry, bodily arousal, catastrophic simulation, and avoidance. This review considers whether many such labels index context-bound expressions of common threat-regulation processes rather than independent mechanisms. A mechanism-first account is developed from experience to process to biological implementation: threat appraisal under uncertainty, interoceptive inference, and attentional control are proposed as content-general operations through which diverse cues recruit a conserved defensive architecture. Human neuroimaging, psychophysiology, and comparative evidence are broadly compatible with this account but do not establish mechanistic identity. In particular, non-significant cross-domain differences cannot demonstrate equivalence without formal equivalence testing or Bayesian evidence, and the diphasic autonomic response in blood\u2013injection\u2013injury phobia constitutes a genuine boundary case, suggesting that a shared appraisal core may feed more than one effector profile. The shared-process account is therefore treated as a parsimonious, falsifiable hypothesis. It generates predictions and boundary conditions for cross-context neural generalization, autonomic equivalence, reliable cognitive transfer, and latent structure, together with designs capable of distinguishing common processes from domain-specific mechanisms. Classifying anxieties by process rather than label could improve measurement, sharpen mechanistic tests, and guide transdiagnostic interventions while avoiding premature reification of context-specific constructs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkag029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:23:31Z","timestamp":1788521011000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Many labels, shared threat processes: classifying domain-labelled anxieties by mechanism rather than context"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Unit on Neuroplasticity, CERVO Brain Research Centre and CHU de Qu\u00e9bec, Laval University , 2601, chemin de la Canardi\u00e8re,Quebec City,G1J 2G3 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Zhejiang-Belgium Joint Laboratory for Disorders of Consciousness, Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Yuhang District,Hangzhou,311121 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness Research Unit, University of Li\u00e8ge , Avenue de l'H\u00f4pital 11,Liege,4000 ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liye","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University , West Zhongshan Avenue, Guangzhou,510631 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Paas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam , Rotterdam,3000 DR,P.O. Box 1738 ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales , NSW 2052,Engineering Road, Sydney","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Laureys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Unit on Neuroplasticity, CERVO Brain Research Centre and CHU de Qu\u00e9bec, Laval University , 2601, chemin de la Canardi\u00e8re,Quebec City,G1J 2G3 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Zhejiang-Belgium Joint Laboratory for Disorders of Consciousness, Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Yuhang District,Hangzhou,311121 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness Research Unit, University of Li\u00e8ge , Avenue de l'H\u00f4pital 11,Liege,4000 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