{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:34:37Z","timestamp":1790739277283,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pain is one of the main symptoms associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) and can be associated with changes to the central nervous system (CNS).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This article provides an overview of the evidence relating to CNS changes (structural and functional) associated with pain in SCIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A systematic review was performed, according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations, on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science in March 2018.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Selection<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studies were selected if they concerned changes in the CNS of patients with SCI, regardless of the type of imagery.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data were extracted by 2 blinded reviewers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is moderate evidence for impaired electroencephalographic function and metabolic abnormalities in the anterior cingulate in patients experiencing pain. There is preliminary evidence that patients with pain have morphological and functional changes to the somatosensory cortex and alterations to thalamic metabolism. There are conflicting data regarding the relationships between lesion characteristics and pain. In contrast, patients without pain can display protective neuroplasticity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Limitations and Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Further studies are required to elucidate fully the relationships between pain and neuroplasticity in patients with SCIs. However, current evidence might support the use of physical therapist treatments targeting CNS plasticity in patients with SCI pain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T20:20:53Z","timestamp":1583785253000},"page":"946-962","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Central Nervous System Reorganization and Pain After Spinal Cord Injury: Possible Targets for Physical Therapy\u2014A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Osinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR 987\u2013CETD-H\u00f4pital Ambroise Par\u00e9, 9 Avenue Charles De Gaulle, Boulogne-Billancourt , 92100 France; and Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin, Versailles, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sessi","family":"Acapo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Th\u00e9rapeutique, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine , Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djamel","family":"Bensmail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin; and Service de M\u00e9decine Physique et R\u00e9adaptation , H\u00f4pital Raymond-Poincar\u00e9, Garches, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Bouhassira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR 987\u2013CETD-H\u00f4pital Ambroise Par\u00e9; and Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR 987\u2013CETD-H\u00f4pital Ambroise Par\u00e9; Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint-Quentin; Service d\u2019Anesth\u00e9sie, H\u00f4pital Raymond-Poincar\u00e9; and Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Garches, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.21855","article-title":"Chronic pain associated with spinal cord injuries: a community survey","volume":"82","author":"Turner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3109\/10582452.2013.770422","article-title":"Pain in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Celik","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Pain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.670","article-title":"Quantitative meta-analysis of grey matter anomalies in neuropathic pain","volume":"19","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.03.001","article-title":"Structural brain anomalies and chronic pain: a quantitative meta-analysis of gray matter volume","volume":"14","author":"Smallwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.09.018","article-title":"Relationship between chronic pain and brain reorganization after deafferentation: a systematic review of functional MRI findings","volume":"9","author":"Jutzeler","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311433209","article-title":"Targeting cortical representations in the treatment of chronic pain: a review","volume":"26","author":"Moseley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1140","article-title":"Assessment and manifestation of central sensitisation across different chronic pain conditions","volume":"22","author":"Arendt-Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030","article-title":"Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain","volume":"152","author":"Woolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2010.03.001","article-title":"The sensitization model to explain how chronic pain exists without tissue damage","volume":"13","author":"Wilgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.11.010","article-title":"Pain and the brain: specificity and plasticity of the brain in clinical chronic pain","volume":"152","author":"Apkarian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26010","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026010","article-title":"Brain morphological signatures for chronic pain","volume":"6","author":"Baliki","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.05.018","article-title":"Central nervous system reorganization in a variety of chronic pain states: a review","volume":"3","author":"Henry","year":"2011","journal-title":"PM R."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting\u2014meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref14","first-page":"e123","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"21","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Med"},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.04.005","article-title":"Relations between brain alterations and clinical pain measures in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Coppieters","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref16","author":"Wells"},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000096016.29134.FA","article-title":"MRI in chronic spinal cord injury patients with and without central pain","volume":"61","author":"Finnerup","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.06.001","article-title":"Segmental hypersensitivity and spinothalamic function in spinal cord injury pain","volume":"207","author":"Finnerup","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18534","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18534","article-title":"Association of pain and CNS structural changes after spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Jutzeler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp205","article-title":"Brain anatomy changes associated with persistent neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Gustin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq244","article-title":"Clinical, functional and structural determinants of central pain in syringomyelia","volume":"133","author":"Hatem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.05.014","article-title":"Specific brain morphometric changes in spinal cord injury with and without neuropathic pain","volume":"5","author":"Mole","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.10.007","article-title":"Neuropathic pain and primary somatosensory cortex reorganization following spinal cord injury","volume":"141","author":"Wrigley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.08.008","article-title":"Neuropathic pain and functional reorganization in the primary sensorimotor cortex after spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Jutzeler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102077","article-title":"Electroencephalographic slowing and reduced reactivity in neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury","volume":"46","author":"Boord","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06801.x","article-title":"Neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: significance of clinical and electrophysiological measures","volume":"30","author":"Wydenkeller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.02.005","article-title":"Dynamic oscillatory signatures of central neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Vuckovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref28","first-page":"901","article-title":"Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the thalamus in patients with chronic neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"Pattany","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJNR."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.051","article-title":"Neuro magnetic resonance spectroscopy using wavelet decomposition and statistical testing identifies biochemical changes in people with spinal cord injury and pain","volume":"53","author":"Stanwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.07.022","article-title":"Metabolite concentrations in the anterior cingulate cortex predict high neuropathic pain impact after spinal cord injury","volume":"154","author":"Widerstr\u00f6m-Noga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.02.008","article-title":"Thalamic activity and biochemical changes in individuals with neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"155","author":"Gustin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.04.0058","article-title":"Reliability and validity of quantitative sensory testing in persons with spinal cord injury and neuropathic pain","volume":"46","author":"Felix","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg007","article-title":"Sensory function in spinal cord injury patients with and without central pain","volume":"126","author":"Finnerup","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4040","article-title":"Multidimensional neuropathic pain phenotypes after spinal cord injury","volume":"33","author":"Widerstr\u00f6m-Noga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn169","article-title":"Residual spinothalamic tract pathways predict development of central pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"131","author":"Wasner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.08.326","article-title":"Mental practice with motor imagery: evidence for motor recovery and cortical reorganization after stroke","volume":"87","author":"Butler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67761","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067761","article-title":"Active vision during action execution, observation and imagery: evidence for shared motor representations","volume":"8","author":"McCormick","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.01.006","article-title":"Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Moseley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.12.001","article-title":"Brain circuitry underlying pain in response to imagined movement in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"148","author":"Gustin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000417","article-title":"Effects of virtual walking treatment on spinal cord injury-related neuropathic pain: pilot results and trends related to location of pain and at-level neuronal hypersensitivity","volume":"95","author":"Jordan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.160","article-title":"Virtual feedback for motor and pain rehabilitation after spinal cord injury","volume":"52","author":"Roosink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"2023011802295285100_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313490999","article-title":"Virtual reality-augmented neurorehabilitation improves motor function and reduces neuropathic pain in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Villiger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair."}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa043\/33383581\/pzaa043.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/100\/6\/946\/48747099\/ptj_100_6_946.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/100\/6\/946\/48747099\/ptj_100_6_946.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T06:32:06Z","timestamp":1674023526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/100\/6\/946\/5810908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa043","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]}}}