{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:31:34Z","timestamp":1792794694686,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology, the National Science Foundation-Engineering Research Center","award":["EEC-1028725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EEC-1028725"]}]},{"name":"Washington State Spinal Cord Injury Consortium"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001305","name":"Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001305","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Washington Institute for Neuroengineering","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001906","name":"Washington Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001906","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the effect of cervical and lumbar transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) combined with intensive training to improve walking and autonomic function after chronic spinal cord injury (SCI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two 64-year-old men with chronic motor incomplete cervical SCI participated in this single-subject design study. They each underwent 2\u00a0months of intensive locomotor training and 2\u00a0months of multisite cervical and lumbosacral tSCS paired with intensive locomotor training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The improvement in 6-Minute Walk Test distance after 2\u00a0months of tSCS with intensive training was threefold greater than after locomotor training alone. Both participants improved balance ability measured by the Berg Balance Scale and increased their ability to engage in daily home exercises. Gait analysis demonstrated increased step length for each individual. Both participants experienced improved sensation and bowel function, and 1 participant eliminated the need for intermittent catheterization after the stimulation phase of the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that noninvasive spinal cord stimulation might promote recovery of locomotor and autonomic functions beyond traditional gait training in people with chronic incomplete cervical SCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multisite transcutaneous spinal stimulation may induce neuroplasticity of the spinal networks and confer functional benefits following chronic cervical SCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T23:37:22Z","timestamp":1633649842000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Multisite Transcutaneous Spinal Stimulation for Walking and Autonomic Recovery in Motor-Incomplete Tetraplegia: A Single-Subject Design"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3796-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soshi","family":"Samejima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology , University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte D","family":"Caskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Inanici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology , University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddhi R","family":"Shrivastav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology , University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorie N","family":"Brighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Pradarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincente","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine M","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Saigal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chet T","family":"Moritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurotechnology , University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011805310594800_ref1","article-title":"Global neurosurgery: the current capacity and deficit in the provision of essential neurosurgical care. 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