{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:25:27Z","timestamp":1781587527836,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences Research","award":["UL1TR002537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002537"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00 AR059190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 AR059190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK104998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK104998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD082109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD082109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD084645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD084645"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Physical therapists develop patient-centered exercise prescriptions to help overcome the physical, emotional, psychosocial, and environmental stressors that undermine a person\u2019s health. Optimally prescribing muscle activity for people with disability, such as a spinal cord injury, is challenging because of their loss of volitional movement control and the deterioration of their underlying skeletal systems. This report summarizes spinal cord injury\u2013specific factors that should be considered in patient-centered, precision prescription of muscle activity for people with spinal cord injury. This report also presents a muscle genomic and epigenomic analysis to examine the regulation of the proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 coactivator 1\u03b1 (PGC-1\u03b1) (oxidative) and myostatin (hypertrophy) signaling pathways in skeletal muscle during low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise versus higher-frequency (higher-force) electrically induced exercise under constant muscle recruitment (intensity).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Seventeen people with spinal cord injury participated in 1 or more unilateral electrically induced exercise sessions using a lower-force (1-, 3-, or 5-Hz) or higher-force (20-Hz) protocol. Three hours after the exercise session, percutaneous muscle biopsies were performed on exercised and nonexercised muscles for genomic and epigenomic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We found that low-frequency (low-force) electrically induced exercise significantly increased the expression of PGC-1\u03b1 and decreased the expression of myostatin, consistent with the expression changes observed with high-frequency (higher-force) electrically induced exercise. Further, we found that low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise significantly demethylated, or epigenetically promoted, the PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway. A global epigenetic analysis showed that &amp;gt;70 pathways were regulated with low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These novel results support the notion that low-frequency (low-force) electrically induced exercise may offer a more precise rehabilitation strategy for people with chronic paralysis and severe osteoporosis. Future clinical trials are warranted to explore whether low-frequency (lower-force) electrically induced exercise training affects the overall health of people with chronic spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T09:33:29Z","timestamp":1634636009000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Genomic and Epigenomic Evaluation of Electrically Induced Exercise in People With Spinal Cord Injury: Application to Precision Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Michael A","family":"Petrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric B","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Suneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-f5577rep","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: metaepidemiological study","volume":"49","author":"Naci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.04.012","article-title":"Exercise for disease prevention and management: a precision medicine approach","volume":"18","author":"Ramirez-Velez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.12.021","article-title":"Muscle as a \"mediator\" of systemic metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Baskin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2000.03225.x","article-title":"Skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise in humans","volume":"27","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-017-0994-y","article-title":"The role of exercise-induced myokines in regulating metabolism","volume":"41","author":"Huh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.24","article-title":"Metabolism. Exercise remodels subcutaneous fat tissue and improves metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Wallberg-Henriksson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref7","first-page":"373","article-title":"Exercise and glucose control","volume":"54","author":"Buresh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000227","article-title":"The interplay between exercise metabolism, epigenetics, and skeletal muscle remodeling","volume":"48","author":"Seaborne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.12.012","article-title":"Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation","volume":"17","author":"Egan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref10","first-page":"403","article-title":"Physiologic and molecular bases of muscle hypertrophy and atrophy: impact of resistance exercise on human skeletal muscle (protein and exercise dose effects)","author":"Phillips","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.09.008","article-title":"Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1alpha\/FNDC5 pathway","volume":"18","author":"Wrann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-017-9719-3","article-title":"Towards ageing well. Use it or lose it: exercise, epigenetics and cognition","volume":"18","author":"Rea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0000000000000244","article-title":"NIH toolbox cognition battery in young and older adults: reliability and relationship to adiposity and physical activity","volume":"44","author":"Cole","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Geriatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00042","article-title":"Role of myokines in regulating skeletal muscle mass and function","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.02.008","article-title":"Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1alpha, myokines and exercise","volume":"80","author":"Schnyder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref16","volume-title":"2020 Annual Statistical Report for the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems\u2014complete public version","author":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17018","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.18","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"3","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1423266","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury","volume":"42","author":"Gater","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2018.1511401","article-title":"Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury","volume":"42","author":"Nash","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref20","first-page":"107","article-title":"Glucose intolerance in spinal cord injury","volume":"64","author":"Duckworth","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(83)90091-9","article-title":"Are chronic spinal cord injured patients (SCIP) prone to premature aging?","volume":"11","author":"Ohry","year":"1983","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100494","article-title":"Secondary conditions following spinal cord injury in a population-based sample","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280110067603","article-title":"Health-related quality of life after spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Leduc","year":"2002","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(03)00358-7","article-title":"Relationship between regional bone density measurements and the time since injury in adults with spinal cord injuries","volume":"85","author":"Clasey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2005.11753794","article-title":"C-reactive protein, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500163828","article-title":"Assessment of physical function and secondary complications after complete spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Dudley-Javoroski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2006.11753898","article-title":"Bone loss and muscle atrophy in spinal cord injury: epidemiology, fracture prediction, and rehabilitation strategies","volume":"29","author":"Giangregorio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref28","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil","author":"Gorgey","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.12.047","article-title":"Risk of stroke, heart attack, and diabetes complications among veterans with spinal cord injury","volume":"89","author":"Banerjea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0671-6","article-title":"Osteoporotic fractures and hospitalization risk in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Morse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e3181f68aba","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk in community-dwelling persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"31","author":"Groah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.6.AOSPINE1252","article-title":"Quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury: comparisons with other populations","volume":"17","author":"Boakye","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.07.201","article-title":"Males aging with a spinal cord injury: prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic conditions","volume":"93","author":"LaVela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2018.1557864","article-title":"Classification of obesity, cardiometabolic risk, and metabolic syndrome in adults with spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Yahiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1990.tb01865.x","article-title":"Longitudinal study of bone mineral content in the lumbar spine, the forearm and the lower extremities after spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Biering-Sorensen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref36","first-page":"674","article-title":"Longitudinal study of the bone mineral content and of soft tissue composition after spinal cord section","volume":"33","author":"Wilmet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1044-5","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in femur bone mineral density after spinal cord injury: effects of slice placement and peel method","volume":"21","author":"Dudley-Javoroski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.12.0245","article-title":"Regional cortical and trabecular bone loss after spinal cord injury","volume":"49","author":"Dudley-Javoroski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3326-4","article-title":"Bone architecture adaptations after spinal cord injury: impact of long-term vibration of a constrained lower limb","volume":"27","author":"Dudley-Javoroski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90184-8","article-title":"Bone fracture during electrical stimulation of the quadriceps in a spinal cord injured subject","volume":"79","author":"Hartkopp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100648","article-title":"Fracture rates and risk factors for fractures in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Vestergaard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2050","article-title":"Mortality following lower extremity fractures in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Carbone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Mineral Res Off J Am Soc Bone Mineral Res"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(96)00015-6","article-title":"The effects of fatigue on the torque-frequency curve of the human paralysed soleus muscle","volume":"7","author":"Shields","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.000247.2001","article-title":"Phenotypic adaptations in human muscle fibers 6 and 24 wk after spinal cord injury","volume":"92","author":"Talmadge","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.02.0031","article-title":"Muscle and bone plasticity after spinal cord injury: review of adaptations to disuse and to electrical muscle stimulation","volume":"45","author":"Dudley-Javoroski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05806.x","article-title":"Bone and muscle loss after spinal cord injury: organ interactions","volume":"1211","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3687-9","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mitochondrial mass is linked to lipid and metabolic profile in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"117","author":"O'Brien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4570-1","article-title":"Impact of muscle atrophy on bone metabolism and bone strength: implications for muscle-bone crosstalk with aging and disuse","volume":"29","author":"Bettis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20710","article-title":"Impact of varying pulse frequency and duration on muscle torque production and fatigue","volume":"35","author":"Gregory","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/phy2.248","article-title":"Low force contractions induce fatigue consistent with muscle mRNA expression in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"2","author":"Petrie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1983.50.6.1380","article-title":"Motor-unit discharge rates in maximal voluntary contractions of three human muscles","volume":"50","author":"Bellemare","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014765","article-title":"Changes in motoneurone firing rates during sustained maximal voluntary contractions","volume":"340","author":"Bigland-Ritchie","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1180","article-title":"PGC-1alpha-responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coordinately downregulated in human diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Mootha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27794","article-title":"PGC-1 coactivators: inducible regulators of energy metabolism in health and disease","volume":"116","author":"Finck","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020348","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fiber type: influence on contractile and metabolic properties","volume":"2","author":"Zierath","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1042\/bse0420013","article-title":"Control of gene expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in the muscular adaptation to endurance exercise","volume":"42","author":"Joseph","year":"2006","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1690","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.277.6.R1690","article-title":"Muscle fiber type specificity in insulin signal transduction","volume":"277","author":"Song","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.3.664","article-title":"Muscle fiber type-specific defects in insulin signal transduction to glucose transport in diabetic GK rats","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1999.19430323.x","article-title":"Changes in muscle mass and phenotype and the expression of autocrine and systemic growth factors by muscle in response to stretch and overload","volume":"194","author":"Goldspink","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.034850","article-title":"Exercise induces transient transcriptional activation of the PGC-1alpha gene in human skeletal muscle","volume":"546","author":"Pilegaard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06738.x","article-title":"Role of PGC-1alpha signaling in skeletal muscle health and disease","volume":"1271","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/387083a0","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member","volume":"387","author":"McPherron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref63","first-page":"342","article-title":"Regulation of muscle size in humans: role of myostatin?","volume":"8","author":"Bamman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12563","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12563","article-title":"PGC-1 isoforms and their target genes are expressed differently in human skeletal muscle following resistance and endurance exercise","volume":"3","author":"Silvennoinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12486","article-title":"Does skeletal muscle have an ``epi''-memory? The role of epigenetics in nutritional programming, metabolic disease, aging and exercise","volume":"15","author":"Sharples","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21831","article-title":"Altered mRNA expression after long-term soleus electrical stimulation training in humans with paralysis","volume":"43","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2019.1614416","article-title":"Epigenetic changes in healthy human skeletal muscle following exercise- a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Jacques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029876","article-title":"Exercise and the skeletal muscle epigenome","volume":"7","author":"McGee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160594","article-title":"Distinct skeletal muscle gene regulation from active contraction, passive vibration, and whole body heat stress in humans","volume":"11","author":"Petrie","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00628.2014","article-title":"Low-frequency stimulation regulates metabolic gene expression in paralyzed muscle","volume":"118","author":"Petrie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00064.2019","article-title":"Impact of short- and long-term electrically induced muscle exercise on gene signaling pathways, gene expression, and PGC1a methylation in men with spinal cord injury","volume":"52","author":"Petrie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01181.2005","article-title":"Musculoskeletal plasticity after acute spinal cord injury: effects of long-term neuromuscular electrical stimulation training","volume":"95","author":"Shields","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115791","article-title":"A minimal dose of electrically induced muscle activity regulates distinct gene signaling pathways in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Petrie","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R80","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-5-10-r80","article-title":"Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics","volume":"5","author":"Gentleman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3252","article-title":"Orchestrating high-throughput genomic analysis with Bioconductor","volume":"12","author":"Huber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv560","article-title":"missMethyl: an R package for analyzing data from Illumina's HumanMethylation450 platform","volume":"32","author":"Phipson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty892","article-title":"methylGSA: a Bioconductor package and shiny app for DNA methylation data length bias adjustment in gene set testing","volume":"35","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D481","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1351","article-title":"The Reactome pathway knowledgebase","volume":"44","author":"Fabregat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D649","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1132","article-title":"The Reactome pathway knowledgebase","volume":"46","author":"Fabregat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref81","first-page":"123","article-title":"The role of PGC-1alpha in regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Akhmetov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fiziol Cheloveka"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071623","article-title":"Dissociation of increases in PGC-1alpha and its regulators from exercise intensity and muscle activation following acute exercise","volume":"8","author":"Edgett","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v5.i3.158","article-title":"Exercise awareness and barriers after spinal cord injury","volume":"5","author":"Gorgey","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2014.898406","article-title":"The barriers, benefits and facilitators of leisure time physical activity among people with spinal cord injury: a meta-synthesis of qualitative findings","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000171172.96290.67","article-title":"Perceived barriers to exercise in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"84","author":"Scelza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.188011","article-title":"Exercise intensity-dependent regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 mRNA abundance is associated with differential activation of upstream signalling kinases in human skeletal muscle","volume":"588","author":"Egan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275972","article-title":"Metabolic stress-dependent regulation of the mitochondrial biogenic molecular response to high-intensity exercise in human skeletal muscle","volume":"596","author":"Fiorenza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00909.2013","article-title":"Time course-dependent changes in the transcriptome of human skeletal muscle during recovery from endurance exercise: from inflammation to adaptive remodeling","volume":"116","author":"Neubauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730414561638","article-title":"Circadian rhythms, the molecular clock, and skeletal muscle","volume":"30","author":"Harfmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythm"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.018","article-title":"The limits of exercise physiology: from performance to health","volume":"25","author":"Gabriel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276488","article-title":"Interplay between diet, exercise and the molecular circadian clock in orchestrating metabolic adaptations of adipose tissue","volume":"597","author":"Dollet","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzx072","article-title":"Turning over the hourglass","volume":"97","author":"Shields","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1412562","article-title":"Arm crank ergometry improves cardiovascular disease risk factors and community mobility independent of body composition in high motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"42","author":"Bresnahan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2015.1117192","article-title":"One year of training with FES has impressive beneficial effects in a 36-year-old woman with spinal cord injury","volume":"40","author":"Deley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3560-8","article-title":"Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and attenuation of cardio-metabolic risk factors (SHARC) using functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling in persons with spinal cord injury: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Gorgey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2023011805340171200_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968306293447","article-title":"Musculoskeletal adaptations in chronic spinal cord injury: effects of long-term soleus electrical stimulation training","volume":"21","author":"Shields","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzab243\/40990544\/pzab243.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/102\/1\/pzab243\/48748596\/pzab243.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/102\/1\/pzab243\/48748596\/pzab243.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T07:07:28Z","timestamp":1674025648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzab243\/6413907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzab243","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"article-number":"pzab243"}}