{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:53:38Z","timestamp":1780494818677,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\u2009<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although Parkinson disease (PD) has traditionally been considered a disease of the central nervous system, a bidirectional communication system known as the gut-brain axis can influence PD pathogenesis. The dual-hit hypothesis proposed that PD is due to peripheral dysregulations to the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis. Since then, further investigation has shown that there are multiple pathological sources associated with PD. However, dysbiosis plays a critical role in the disease process. Substantial evidence has identified that cardinal motor symptoms of PD and disease progression are associated with dysbiosis. In other neurodegenerative disorders, dysbiosis has been linked to cognition. Non-PD research has shown that exercise can effectively restore the gut microbiota. Likewise, exercise has become a well-established strategy to improve cognitive and motor function in PD. However, despite the interaction between the gut and brain, and the exercise benefits on gut health, no research to date has considered the effects of exercise on the gut microbiota in PD. Therefore, the purpose of this Perspective is to explore whether exercise benefits observed in PD could partly be due to restorations to the gut microbiota. First, we will review the gut-brain axis and its influence on motor and cognitive function. Next, we will outline evidence regarding exercise-induced restoration of the gut microbiota in non-PD populations. Finally, we will summarize benefits of exercise on motor-cognitive function in PD, proposing that benefits of exercise seen in PD might actually be due to restorations to the gut microbiota. By positing the gut microbiota as a moderator of exercise improvements to motor and cognitive function, we aim to provide a new perspective for physical therapists to prioritize exercise regimens for individuals with PD that can specifically restore the gut microbiota to better improve PD symptoms and prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This Perspective raises awareness that dysregulations to the gut microbiota have recently been attributed to PD symptoms and pathology and that exercise can be an effective therapeutic strategy to improve gut health in individuals with PD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Lay Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>People with PD have been found to have reduced microbial diversity in their gut, which can play an important role in the progression of the disease. Physical therapists can design therapeutic exercises that might help improve gut health in people with PD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzac022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:19:58Z","timestamp":1645474798000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rethinking Parkinson Disease: Exploring Gut-Brain Interactions and the Potential Role of Exercise"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5283-2560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaylie","family":"Zapanta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E Todd","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth E","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011809212784300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-018-0058-0","article-title":"Prevalence of Parkinson's disease across North America","volume":"4","author":"Marras","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2023011809212784300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx196","article-title":"200 years of Parkinson's disease: what have we learnt from James 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